Wednesday, July 31, 2019

R.M.’s symptoms Essay

1. Compare her VS with those of a healthy person at her same age. R.M.’s temperature is low: 96.8 F and normal range is 97.8 -99 F R.M.’s blood pressure is elevated: 142/84 and normal range is 120/80 R.M.’s heart rate is low: 52 and normal range is 60-100 R.M.’s respiratory rate is on the low end of normal: 12 and normal range is 12-25. 2. List eight general questions you might ask R.M. to assist in determining what is going on with her. Does your family history of thyroid, adrenal, or pituitary disease? Have your menstrual periods been altered? What have your sleep patterns been like? Have you been exceptionally nervous? How has your appetite been over the past 6 months Have you had weight fluctuation over the past 6 months Is there a history of diabetes in your family? Have you had any radiation therapy to your head and or neck? 3. You know that potential causes for some of R.M.’s symptoms include depression, hypothyroidism, anemia, cardiac disease, fluid and electrolyte imbalance, and allergies. As part of your screening procedures, describe how you would begin to investigate which of these conditions probably do not account for R.M.’s symptoms. As part of screening procedure, e began our investigation by focusing on auscultation of the heart and lung sounds for sign and symptoms of cardiac disease or problem. However, there are no abnormalities present with R.M.’s heart. According to R.M.’s symptoms, it is clear that she does not have any signs of cardiac disease, symptoms of allergies, and fluid and electrolyte imbalance. R.M. has symptoms of hypothyroidism, anemia, and depression. 4. Unnecessary diagnostic tests are expensive. What tests do you think would  be the most appropriate for R.M., and why? We think that thyroxine, (T4), and pituitary thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) will be appropriate for R.M. because this test will confirm the diagnosis of thyroid failure. Cholesterol levels need to be checked and also other blood tests needs to be performed to detect levels of calcitonin, calcium, prolactin, and thyroglobulin and check for anemia and liver function. All these tests can be affected by hypothyroidism. 5. Interpret R.M.’S laboratory results. 6. The family practitioner affirms a diagnostic of hypothyroidism. With this diagnosis, what other signs and symptoms would you want to investigate? Other signs and symptoms we would want to investigate include impaired memory, depression, elevated blood cholesterol level, irregular menstrual periods, and stiffness or swelling in the joints (Mayo, 2014). http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothyroidism/basics/symptoms/con-20021179 7. The family practitioner prescribes levothyroxine (Synthroid) 1.7 mcg/Kg body weigh/day. At this time. R.M. weighs 130 pounds. What should be her daily dose of Levothyroxine in milligrams? How would her prescription read?

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

On Finding Nightingales in Human Voices Essay

Anne Finch’s â€Å"To the Nightingale† is an ode to a Muse, which is represented by the nightingale. The poem is written in a series of rhyming couplets that provides it a singsong rhythm throughout, which is appropriate for its subject. When emphasizing the merits of being a nightingale, the speaker articulates the difficulties of being a human poet, subject to judgment by his critics. In â€Å"To the Nightingale†, though the narrator recognizes the significance of the nightingale and even bestows upon it affirmative adjectives such as â€Å"sweet† and lofty titles like â€Å"harbinger of spring† (line 1), he knows the limitations of the bird as a poet. The first four lines indicate the admiration of the speaker for the nightingale. â€Å"This moment I attend to praise† (line 3) refers to the moment in which the nightingale will sing to announce the coming of spring. The speaker wishes to be as free with expressing himself, like the nightingale. As the line â€Å"Free as thine shall be my song† (line 5) indicates, he believes that as a human being, his singing is more restricted by his audience. On the other hand, the nightingale sings according to its nature, whether or not it pleases anyone. There is no fear of being ridiculed, or anxieties about not being praised. Moreover, the beauty of the nightingale’s singing is in its freedom: â€Å"Poets, wild as thee, were born/ Pleasing best when unconfined/ When to please is least designed/ Soothing but their cares to rest† (lines 7-10). These four lines may also suggest that the speaker is hoping to experience the same â€Å"unconfined† performance. Indeed, if the nightingale is his muse, he is inspired by its sheer autonomy and being true to itself. Some artists need their personal pain in order to produce depth of feeling. An artist who is experiencing problems while composing sad ballads will create genuine emotion which will be felt by their audience: â€Å"Cares do still their thoughts molest/ And still the unhappy poet’s breast, /Like thine, when best he sings, is placed against a thorn† (lines 11-13). The three lines, however, may also signify the other way around – that when at his best, a poet may experience loneliness brought by success. The next few lines incorporate gold as a metaphor for the beauty and the effect of the nightingale’s song, after praising the sweetness of it. â€Å"Canst thou syllables refine/Melt a sense that shall retain/Still some spirit of the brain† (lines 18-20). The words â€Å"refine† and â€Å"melt† elucidate the worth of the nightingale’s song. It can create something equivalent to gold, which consequently leaves a mark in the listener’s mind. The poem starts to change its tone by line 21. The speaker seems to expect more out of the nightingale, by asking it to change its note. He further commands â€Å"let division shake thy throat† (line 22), longing for the joyous varying and fluttering of the golden voice. At this point, the human poet, though still admiring the singing bird, becomes aware of discontent within himself. The lovely song may not have changed its tune for some other listener, but for the narrator it has in some way for he says â€Å"cease then, prithee, cease thy tune† (line 26). He even calls his muse â€Å"trifler†, or someone who takes nothing seriously by being a constant dreamer. â€Å"Wilt thou sing till June† (line 27), he asks. He previously tags the nightingale as a â€Å"harbinger of spring†. He then wonders if it will continue its singing even when summer is near. It is as if the nightingale has been given an obligation to announce spring, and when that obligation has been fulfilled there is no need to keep on going. The speaker has started to question inspiration and leans toward practicality. The speaker believes that there is too big a difference between a nightingale and a human poet; he has stopped dreaming about attempting to recreate the singing of a nightingale through human voice. â€Å"Thus we poets that have speech/ Unlike what the forests teach† (lines 30-31). To ease this discouragement, he lifts the human advantage of being able to speak. â€Å"If a fluent vein be shown/That’s transcendent to our own/ Criticize, reform, or preach/ Or censure what we cannot reach (lines 32-35). Nevertheless, he discerns what he is trying to do; he can identify the human trait of disparaging a talent or a quality that he cannot achieve for himself. â€Å"To the Nightingale† explores the dilemma of exploring a dream and aiming to reach its zenith without any thought of its limitations and consequences, and of choosing practicality and realistic aspirations. The poem achieves a light, song-like rhythm which prevents it from being completely dreary even at its despondent but sensible end.

Monday, July 29, 2019

The linguistic mecanism to produce an allegorical message in a play Essay

The linguistic mecanism to produce an allegorical message in a play narrative - Essay Example Confounded with trying to discern the difference between symbolism and allegory, it is important, as a starting point, to pose one guiding definition of each of these terms. For purposes of this discussion, the term ‘symbolism’ refers to elements within a piece that transforms appearance into an idea and the idea into an image in such a way that the idea remains always infinitely effective and unreachable in the image and remains ineffable even if uttered in all languages. In other words, symbolism presents an idea in such a way that it cannot be separated from the image selected to portray it as well as impossible to describe as well in words regardless of the language used. Allegory, on the other hand, transforms appearance into a concept, rather than an idea. This concept is also transformed further into an image, but this time it is done in such a way that the concept can be grasped and described as something different from the image even as it is being expressed in it (Goethe, 1991, p. 88). With these two concepts – allegory and symbolism – clearly defined and separated, it is also important to realize that allegory can be developed through the use of personification and/or through conceptual allegory, the â€Å"presentation of the concrete to suggest a long train of mental associations, conscious and subconscious [†¦] the one-to-one recognition process of allegory† (Haworth, 1980, p. 14). Through this paper, it will be discussed how the character can become an allegory through the process of personification as well as how conceptual allegory emerges as a result of the careful use of narrative. The principle way in which this is done is through the use of semiotics. The term ‘semiotics’ is today defined as â€Å"the theory and study of signs and symbols, especially as elements of language or other systems of communication, and comprising semantics, syntactics, and pragmatics† (â€Å"Semiotics†, 2002). However, the first person

Sunday, July 28, 2019

Italian Film Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Italian Film Studies - Essay Example Being accustomed to the life of privilege, the Prince realizes this will change as soon as Sicily becomes a part of the United Kingdom of Italy (Tomasi 43). He later realizes that some things have to change for his aristocratic life to remain the same. He finally accepts the emergence and rise of the middle class; which he initially objected to. His strong hate for the rising middle class is clear in his objection to the relationship between his nephew and Angelica Sedara. Angelica is the daughter of one of the wealthy bourgeois families of Sicily. Later as the unification becomes a definite event, he changes his opinion regarding the relationship. He does this in contrary to the wishes of his daughter, Concetta; she is also in love with Tancredi. Don Fabrizio sees the marriage of the two as a way to restore wealth and status to his family. In addition to accepting this marriage, he also arranges the marriage of his daughter Concetta to the father of Angelica (Tomasi 68). Later in the movie, we see Fabrizio refusing to take a political seat as a Senator in the newly formed Italian government. He sees himself as a man caught in the crossfire between the old and the new. The ball, the penultimate scene of the movie, depicts the lavishness of Sicilian society, and it introduces Angelica to the same. In the end, we see the lonely figure of the Prince strolling in the darkness. Luchino Visconti together with the Giuseppe Tomasi all related to the movie’s thematic illustration of the change in the Italian society. Both were born in Italian and Sicilian aristocrat families, and they identified with the changes that resulted from the unification of the Italian states (Landy 152). The movie captures the ascension of the Italian middle class and the decent of the Italian aristocracy. Visconti aptly captures the uprooting of the Italian aristocracy due to the resurgence movement in the country. Luchino Visconti is famous for

Saturday, July 27, 2019

Competition and business risk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Competition and business risk - Essay Example Being a multinational company, Company H has eight other competitors in the market considering the fact that its market spreads across four economic zones of North America, Africa, Europe, Latin America, as well as Asia Pacific. Over the fourteen years, I had the biggest challenge and responsibility of making strategic decisions each year to enhance sustained profitability in addition to expanding the company niche in the market. Among other areas where strategic decisions were necessary included branded production and distribution decisions, corporate social responsibility, plant capacity, sales forecasts, marketing and other promotional activity decisions, private label operations, endorsement of celebrities, and most importantly, financial decisions (Goldratt, 1997, p. 63). At the end of each year over the fourteen years, four features served as the yardstick applied by the board to evaluate my performance. They included Earnings per share, credit rating, return on equity, and image rating. To me, it was clear that the operational performance of the company directly influenced these four significant performance measures. Therefore, it was my responsibility to oversee effective running of all operational activities within company H. Assessment of the PESTEL gives insights of company H currently, a position achieved under my guidance. This analysis will allow proper understanding of various factors within the macro environment that influence daily operations of the company. The relevance of evaluating PESTEL is that it brings forth a bigger picture of the environment within which Company H operates as well as opportunities and threats occurring within the same macro environment. Knowledge of the external environment within which the company runs business helps the management on behalf of the company take advantage of opportunities availing themselves and cut down threats posed by external factors. I understood clearly the five force

Friday, July 26, 2019

Business Law Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Law Case - Essay Example odgers for causing her, intentionally, emotional distress and anguish but the defendants claim that no damage is recoverable unless distress result in physical injury. Infliction of emotional distress exists if an â€Å"extreme and outrageous conduct intentionally or recklessly† results in severe emotional instability in another party (Mann and Rogers 120). A person that causes such a distress assumes liability for the distress and possible consequences of the distress. An act is further said to be reckless if it disregards possible consequences or fails. According to the third restatement, knowledge of possible severe emotional instability and failure to take measures for mitigating effects of the instability and indifference over the possible consequences define recklessness. A person is entitled to damages for severe emotional distress is suffered emotional instability is severe and if an ordinary person would suffer the consequences under normal circumstances. There is no need for proof of physical harm in order to recover damages for emotional distress (Mann and Rogers 120). The case of Ferrell v. Mikula 627 SE2d7 illustrates the rule. In the case, a manager at Ruby Tuesday restaurant ordered a security offers to follow customers who were believed suspected to have left without paying for their orders. This was however a mistake because the target had paid their bills and were confused with two parties who had been excused from making payments. The target were then stopped, handcuffed and placed in police patrol car but later released after confirmation that they had actually paid their bills. The target sued for infliction of emotional distress that was dismissed at the original and appellate court. The court of appeal of Georgia argued that a case for infliction of emotional distress must meet four elements. There must have been intentional of reckless behavior that must further be â€Å"extreme or outrageous† (Mann and Rogers 121). The act must have further

Diane Mathis CS5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Diane Mathis CS5 - Essay Example However, some points of communication may converge where patients possess some basic level of English proficiency as opposed to when complete unfamiliarity exists. Different language proficiency levels present different interpretation needs for the practitioner, which calls for expert interpretation services. Such interpretation complications determine the complexity of communication between the patient and healthcare professionals coming from different cultural backgrounds. Ethical considerations must resolve the primary concerns of discharging service as universally required, beyond cultural biases of both the practitioner and patient. "Best practice" interpretation preparedness requires that the healthcare system facilitate both individual and organizational-level cultural competences in resolving potential communication challenges (Al-Amin et al., 2011). To this end, individual level of interpretation needs requires that the healthcare practitioners acquire cultural competences to resolve patient cultural gaps as presented during visits. Institutional-level of cross-cultural preparedness requires that the entire institution adopt elaborate translation facilitation. Ultimately, professionals in the healthcare system must overcome legal questions around competencies needed to overcome biases against universal standards of practice. Firstly, any institution may have restrictive budgets to have customized interpretation services for the language barrier as a presenting challenge. In this regard, experiencing an influx of patients from a new language and culture stretches internal capabilities of a health facility in handling such a challenge. Secondly, limited availability of qualified interpreters may present a healthcare problem to a facility irrespective of financial capability. Dreachslin et al. (2008) observed that the ability of the health

Thursday, July 25, 2019

Only for Expert in Public Administration (Texas), (comprehinsive exam) Assignment - 3

Only for Expert in Public Administration (Texas), (comprehinsive exam) III part - Assignment Example These leaders should also have the ability to be patient and tolerate wide range of consultative exercise to represent and adjudicate effectively on laws that they fully comprehend. Above all, these leaders are suppose to be sober minded so as to allow for rational, objective, and impartial contribution during debates for which laws and legalities are enacted. Local governments are normally in charge of providing services to the public and this is more pronounced in the major urban areas than in rural areas. Among the services that are offered by the local authority includes; provision of packing places, general hygiene in towns which involves collecting and safe disposing of the waste, provision of cemeteries, maintenances of the street lights are some of the major services that are offered by the local government (Rabin, Hildreth, & Miller, 1998). It will be in agreement then that for the provision of these services to take place, there must be funding for the local authority thus some of the sources of funding for the local authority includes; One of the major sources of funds for the local government is the tax collection charged on the provision of services like car parking, land rates, sign post rates, and collection for garbage dispose among others (Rabin, Hildreth, & Miller, 1998). Local authorities also do collection of their revenue from licensing of businesses within their areas of jurisdiction, business permits and receipts issues for major function held in their areas of control are charged. Local authorities can also organize recreation facilities for the public, these includes; children recreation centers, pubs, restaurants and meeting places. Finally, local authorities can also be given fund directly\y from the central government in event that they want do major undertakings like construction of major roads within the town (Rabin, Hildreth, & Miller, 1998). This is the most fundamental part of driving the agenda of any forma l organization. The

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Statistic Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Statistic - Research Paper Example Identifying the relationship between the variable would depict if there go hand in hand. According to the results of the Anova analysis, the p-value P=0.221 which is higher than the alpha value used for the study ÃŽ ±= .05. With a P=0.222 when value is high than .05 meaning that the data is not statistically significant hence the null hypothesis is supported for the study since the p-value shows that there is no relationship between lifestyle on satisfaction of your social life. In order to proof the significance relationship undertaken using ANOVA analysis as above, a correlation analysis done using Kendall’s was under taken an it depicted that there is a correlation between lifestyle and social life at .151, however it was a weak positive correlation and it is not statistically significant (p=.117. The main effect of the analysis is that there is a week correlation between lifestyle and social life at .151, and it is not statistically significant (p=.117). Hence, the null hypothesis was supported for the study. This explains that despite the fact that, human beings have different lifestyle it has a small impact on the social life of individuals. However, the small difference depicted from the study indicates that small portion of people is affected by the lifestyle to an extent of destroying their social life. For example, those taking drugs and living unhealthy life can be affected by the lifestyle they are taking. According to United States 2013, health fact sheet the number of obese individual has increased from 1 million people to 1.2 million over the last 5 years and these has caused various social dysfunctions such as lack of human capital because of obese â€Å"syndrome† (Babbie, 2013). This is shown using the scatter graphy

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 24

Discussion - Assignment Example Instead, the two argue that the figures are too inflated to be real. For instance, Kal Raustilia and Chris Sprigman argue that the loss of 750,000 American jobs is double the number of employees in the entire filming industry, in 2010 (Raustilia and Sprigman, 1). Kal Raustilia and Chris Sprigman cite Tim Lee’s observation that statistical provisions as these have been characterized by methodological problems such as estimation and double and triple counting (Raustilia and Sprigman, 1). Nevertheless, in a more interesting twist, Raustilia and Sprigman charge that there are no losses which are incurred from downloading. Partly, this is because there are some cases of piracy which substitute for legitimate transactions, according to Raustilia and Sprigman. The two observe that even in some instances, even the people who sell audio or audio visual products never bought them, but instead pirated them (Raustilia and Sprigman, 1). Raustilia and Sprigman also argue that Internet piracy also disaffects the volume of sales in the job market, and the money that piracy may lead to increased savings. With increased savings come other values such as business ventures and increased entrepreneurship (Raustilia and Sprigman,

Monday, July 22, 2019

A View from the Bridge Essay Example for Free

A View from the Bridge Essay Discuss the view that when Arthur Miller wrote A View from the Bridge, he created a tragic play which suggests that true justice does not exist and that the law is often inadequate. You may focus in detail on the Key section we have studied, but do make wider reference.  Arthur Miller was born in New York, but at the age of 14 his farthers clothing business failed due to the depression, and his family moved to Brooklyn, famous at the time for its Immigrant community. Arthur Miller wrote the play shortly after the end of the McCarthy era, a period when most of American society was worried that communist sympathisers had held government positions, and Joe McCarthy took advantage of these fears, accusing prominent Americans of harbouring or being sympathisers. Miller knew of Americans with Communist ideas, and refused to name them before the Un-American Activities Council (UAAC) was charged for Contempt, a ruling later overturned. These events have had a profound influence on AVFTB (A View From The Bridge), the settings for the play can be drawn from Millers younger years, the brooklyn terraces and the Dockyard, for example. Millers experience with the UAAC, especifically the threat of deportation, and his feelings for the immigrants themselves has helped Miller to create an involving storyline with more attention to detail than if he had not had them. This has made the most recent version of AVFTB a much larger success than the original version, criticised for its lack of emotional power. As the play begins, Alfieri is the first character on stage. He begins by introducing the situation in his community, describing the distrust of the Law felt by many of the immigrants from Sicily, describing it even as unfriendly. Then he states that Justice is important to the people of the community, suggesting that the Law has its limitations, and what people would call True Justice can often be against the law. As he is talking to Eddie in act Two he refers back to this limitation, saying that when the law is wrong, it is because it is un-natural, suggesting further that the law is not written correctly, and should, in his oppinion, be changed from what someone(Joe McCarthy? the Un-American Activities Council?) has decided should happen, to what has a right to happen. Even though he is a reasonably well educated man, as stated at the beginning of the script, and even with all his years of experience with the other petty squables of the poor he is still powerless to stop the train of events he can see forming, again presenting the idea that the law is not detailed enough to allow him to restrain Eddie. Eddie is the seccond main character on stage, and has a similar view on the law to Alfieri, twisted to suit his personal agenda, preventing Catherine from leaving him for another man. He expects Alfieri to be able to stop the marriage bettween Catherine and Rodolpho on circumstancial information that would not make a propper case anyway. Eddies base is that Rodolpho aint right, and is Homosexual, based on Rodolphos ability to sing, joke and sew. As Eddie finds Alfieri cannot and would not help him, he turns to the one option that may help him, the immigration beauro. This of course sets off the chain reaction in the close-knit italian community where they pride themselves on caring for immigrants causing Eddie to loose his name, and culminating in Marcos revenge, Eddies death. Catherines view on the law is not as blatant as that of the men, as is Beatrices, however they both fear Immigration, to the point of hate, however they place their faith in the law to protect Rodolpho once he has the promise of marriage from Catherine.  When he entered the country, Marco did not think of the law as THE LAW, more as vague rules that arent enforced, guidelines more than anything Where is the law? Is it in a book, is it written down?. He becomes disillusioned with the law as soon as he is taken in by the Immigration officers. He finally realises that the law is completely against him and that he will have to leave america again, and the money from his job in the dockyard will cease when Alfieri explains his situation directly to him. Marco then makes his decision to confront Eddie. Ironically, when Marco stabbed Eddie it was technically self defence, putting him on the correct side of the law. Rodolpho is in love with America from the minute he stepps off the boat, even stopping to comment of Eddies fairly plain terraced house And they said they were poor!. The law does not factor into his life untill the Immigration officers arrive. By this time he has a prommise of marriage from Catherine, so therefore the law does not apply to him. He simply carries on as normal.  Alfieri, being both a character and the narrator, has only a limited ammount of live stage time, and spends most of his stage time in voiced thought to the audience. His main function in the story is to represent the law, and reason. He seems to be playing Eddies good-concience, warning Eddie before he moves off to call immigration of the concequences. He also represents the remoteness of the law, with his seperate stage-area, and his interactions on stage only extending to Eddie. This means he is not viewing the whole picture from Marco and Rodolphos point of view. His reason helps him to understand their views, however not how to satisfy all parties involved, nor even to punish the guilty. He is also a dramatic devide, used to stimulate audience interest by describing the coming events so the audience will be able to concentrate on the tension and the route taken to arrive at the event without having to guess as to what will happen next, Predictive Narration.

Four Stroke Four Cylinder Petrol Engine

Four Stroke Four Cylinder Petrol Engine ABSTRACT Since last 150 years different type of engine used in different vehicles so one should know how the engine works and different parameters related to it. This project contains preparation of experimental setup to determine the various performance parameter of four stroke four cylinder petrol engine in first stage of project. In this stage of project, the Morse test setup with Rope brake dynamometer will be prepared for the measurement of engine performance parameters such as Break power, Indicated power, Friction power, Mass flow rate, Brake thermal efficiency, etc. In the second stage study of existing engine and scuderi split engine to be done and effort will be done to develop scuderi split engine. Since last 150 years no modification has been done for basic engine design. This scuderi split engine completely change the design structure of engine. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Project on EXPERIMENTAL SETUP FOR PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT OF FOUR STROKE FOUR CYLINDER PETROL ENGINE DEVELOPEMENT OF SCUDERI SPLIT ENGINE consist of two stages. In first stage of the project, experimental setup for 4-cylinder petrol engine (Morse test) will be developed to determine the various engine performance parameters such as Break power, Indicated power, Friction power, Mass flow rate, Brake thermal efficiency, etc. The basic task in the design and development of engines is to reduce the cost of production and improve the efficiency and power output. In order to achieve the above task, the development engineer has to compare the engine developed with other engines in terms of its output and efficiency. Towards this end he has to test the engine and make measurements of relevant parameters that reflect the performance of the engine. For this the various test perform on engine are as follow: Willans line method Morse test Motoring test From the measurement of indicated and brake power Retardation test From this set-up of Morse test is simple and comparatively easy to conduct. Here, Rope brake dynamometer is used to measure power output. In second stage of project, the study of the scuderi split engine will be done comparison of it with conventional engine (4-S 4 Cylinder Petrol engine of Fiat Make). In conventional 4 Stroke engine, four strokes such as intake, compression, power exhaust performed in the single cylinder. While in scuderi split engine above Strokes performed in two cylinder which are connected using cross-over passage, in which pressure remains constant, in which two stroke intake compression take place in First cylinder, remaining stroke power exhaust take place in Second cylinder. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY 2.1 Introduction: The internal combustion engine is an engine in which combustion of fuel and an oxidizer (typically air) occurs in a confined space called a combustion chamber. This exothermic reaction creates gases at high temperature and pressure which are permitted to expand. The defining feature of an internal combustion engine is that useful work is performed by the expanding hot gases acting directly to cause movement of solid parts of the engine, by acting on pistons, rotors, or even by pressing on and moving the entire engine itself. The first internal combustion engines did not have compression, but run on air/fuel mixture sucked or blown in during the first part of the intake stroke. The most significant difference between modern internal combustion engines and the early designs was the use of compression and in particular of in-cylinder compression. 1876: Nikolaus Otto working with Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach had developed a practical four-stroke cycle (Otto cycle) engine. 2.2. Application of I.C. engine:- Internal combustion engines are most commonly used for mobile propulsion in automobiles, equipment, and other portable machinery. In mobile equipment internal combustion is advantageous, since it can provide high power to weight ratios together with excellent fuel energy-density. These engines have appeared in transport in almost all automobiles, trucks, motorcycles, boats, and in a wide variety of aircraft and locomotives, generally using petroleum (called All-Petroleum Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles or APICEVs) . Where very high power is required, such as jet aircraft, helicopters and large ships, they appear mostly in the form of turbines. 2.3. Classification of I.C. Engine:- The internal combustion engine may be classified in many ways, but following are the subject point of view: 1) According to the type of fuel used (a)Petrol engine (b)Diesel engine (c)Gas engine 2) According to the method of igniting the fuel (a)Spark ignition engine (b)Compression ignition engine (c)Hot spot ignition engine 3) According to the number of stroke per cycle (a)Four stroke cycle engine (b)Two stroke cycle engine 4) According to the cycle of operation (a)Otto cycle (b)Diesel cycle (c)Dual cycle 5) According to the speed of the engine (a)Slow speed engine (b)Medium speed engine (c)High speed engine 6) According to the cooling system (a)Air cooled engine (b)Water cooled engine (c)Evaporative cooling engines 7) According to method of fuel injection (a)Carburettor engine (b)Air injection engines (c)Airless or solid injection engines 8) According to number of cylinder (a)Single cylinder engines (b)Multi cylinder engines 9) According to arrangement of cylinder (a)Vertical cylinder engines (b)Horizontal cylinder engines (c)Radial engines (d)In-line multi cylinder engines (e)V-type multi-cylinder engines (f)Opposite-cylinder engines (g)Apposite piston engines 10) According to the valve mechanism (a)Overhead valve engines (b)Side valve engines 11) According to the method of governing (a)Hit and miss governed engines (b)Quantitatively governed engines (c)Qualitatively governed engines 2.4 Basic Engine Parts:- 2.4.1 Cylinder block:- The cylinder block is the main supporting structure for the various components. The cylinders of multi-cylinder engine are cast as single unit, called cylinder block. The cylinder head mounted on the cylinder block .The cylinder head and cylinder block are provided with water jacket for cooling. 2.4.2 Cylinder:- As the name implies it is a cylindrical vessel or space in which the piston makes a reciprocating motion. The varying volume created in the cylinder during the operation of the engine is filled with the working fluid and subjected to different thermodynamics processes such as suction, compression, combustion, expansion and exhaust .The cylinder is supported in cylinder block. 2.4.3 Combustion chamber:- The space enclosed in the upper part of the cylinder, by the cylinder head and the piston top during the combustion process, is called the combustion chamber. 2.4.4. Piston: Piston is the heart of the engine. The functions of the piston are to compress the charge during the compression stroke and to transmit the gas force to the connecting rod and then to the crank during power stroke. The piston is a disc which reciprocates within cylinder. It is either moved by the fluid or it moves the fluid which enters the cylinder. The main function of the piston of an internal combustion engine is to receive the impulse from the expanding gas and to transmit the energy to the crankshaft through the connecting rod. The piston of internal combustion engines are usually of trunk type. This type of piston consists of different parts such as Head or Crown, Piston rings, Skirt, Piston pin etc. 2.4.5. Piston Ring: Piston rings provide a sliding seal between the outer edge of the piston and the inner edge of the cylinder. The rings serve two purposes: 1. They prevent the fuel/air mixture and exhaust in the combustion chamber from leaking into the sump during compression and combustion. 2. They keep oil in the sump from leaking into the combustion area, where it would be burned and lost. A piston ring is an open-ended ring that fits into a groove on the outer diameter of a piston in an internal combustion engine. The gap in the piston ring compresses to a few thousandths of an inch when inside the cylinder bore. 2.4.6 Inlet manifold:- The pipe which connects the intake system to the inlet valve of the engine and through which air or air-fuel mixture is drawn in to the cylinder is called inlet manifold. 2.4.7 Exhaust manifold:- The pipe which connects the exhaust system to the exhaust valve of the engine and through which the product of combustion escape in to the atmosphere is called the exhaust manifold. 2.4.8 Inlet and exhaust valve:- Valves are commonly mushroom shaped poppet type. They are provided either on the cylinder head or on the side of the cylinder for regulating the charge coming in to the cylinder (inlet valve) and for discharging the products of combustion from the cylinder (exhaust valve). 2.4.9. Connecting Rod: The connecting rod connects the piston to the crankshaft. It can rotate at both ends so that its angle can change as the piston moves and the crankshaft rotates. The small end attaches to the piston pin, gudgeon pin (the usual British term) or wrist pin, which is currently most often press fit into the con rod but can swivel in the piston, a floating wrist pin design. The big end connects to the bearing journal on the crank throw, running on replaceable bearing shells accessible via the con rod bolts which hold the bearing cap onto the big end; typically there is a pinhole bored through the bearing and the big end of the con rod so that pressurized lubricating motor oil squirts out onto the thrust side of the cylinder wall to lubricate the travel of the pistons and piston rings. 2.4.10. Spark Plug: The spark plug supplies the spark that ignites the air/fuel mixture so that combustion can occur. The spark must happen at just the right moment for things to work properly. 2.4.11. Crank shaft: The crankshaft turns the pistons up and down motion into circular motion just like a crank on a jack-in-the-box does. The crankshaft, sometimes casually abbreviated to crank, is the part of an engine which translates reciprocating linear piston motion into rotation. It typically connects to a flywheel, to reduce the pulsation characteristic of the four-stroke cycle, and sometimes a torsional or vibrational damper at the opposite end, to reduce the torsion vibrations often caused along the length of the crankshaft by the cylinders farthest from the output end acting on the torsional elasticity of the metal. 2.4.12. Cam shaft:- The camshaft and its associated parts control the opening and closing of the two valves. The associated parts are push rods, rocker arms, valve springs and tappets. This shaft also provides the drive to the ignition system. 2.4.13. Gudgeon pin: It forms the link between the small end of the connecting rod and the piston. 2.4.14. Cam:- These are made as integral parts of the camshaft and are designed in such way to open the valves at the correct timing and to keep them open for necessary duration. 2.4.15. Fly wheel: The net torque imparted to crankshaft during one complete cycle of operation of the engine fluctuates causing a change in the angular velocity of the shaft. In order to achieve a uniform torque an inertia mass in the form of a wheel attached to the output shaft and this wheel is called the flywheel. 2.4.16. Sump:- The sump surrounds the crankshaft. It contains some amount of oil, which collects in the bottom of the sump (the oil pan). 2.5. DIFFERENT TYPES OF MATERIAL USE FOR ENGINE PARTS:- 2.5.1. Cylinder liner: The cylinder liners are made in two types: wet liner dry liner. In case of wet liner, water in jacket is in direct contact with the outer wall of the liner; where as the dry liner is pressed into the cylinder proper. In engines over about 13cm bore; usually the wet type of liner is used. Liner materials: The liner material should be strong hard corrosion resistance. The following materials are used. 1. A good grade grey cast iron with homogenous and close grained structure i.e. prelatic and similar cast iron. 2. Nickel cast iron and nickel chromium cast iron 3. Nickel chromium cast steel with molybdenum in some case. 2.5.2. Material of cylinder head:- The cylinder head are usually made of close grained cast iron or alloy cast iron containing nickel, chromium and molybdenum, for small sized engine, while for large engine, the material is low Cast-steel. 2.5.3. Material used for piston piston ring:- Commonly used materials for piston of I.C. engine are cast iron, cast aluminum, cast steel forged steel. Generally cast steel is used for piston head. The material for the piston ring is cast iron alloy cast iron due to their good wearing qualities also they retain the spring characteristics even at high temperature. The material used for piston ring is nitrogen hardened or case hardened steel alloy containing nickel, chromium, molybdenum or vanadium. 2.5.4. Material used for connecting road:- The connecting rods of I.C.engine are mostly manufactured by drop forging. The material for connecting rod ranges from mild or medium carbon steel to alloy steels. In industrial engine, carbon steel with ultimate tensile strength ranging from 550-670Mpa is used. 2.5.5. Material used for crankshaft: The cylinder head are usually made of close grained cast iron or alloy cast iron containing nickel, chromium and molybdenum, for small sized engine, while for large engine, the material is low C-steel. Heavy duty cast iron, cast steel, nickel chromium steel is mainly used for manufacturing of crank shaft. 2.5.6. Material used for valves: Inlet valve run cooler than exhaust valves. So, the material for the inlet valves may be carbon steel, nickel steel, chrome nickel steel chrome molybdenum alloy, which may be hardened to withstand the repeated high stresses. Material for exhaust valves must be able to maintain their strength at high temperature. Therefore the material used for it is standard chrome nickel steel, cobalt nickel steel, high speed steel stainless steels. 2.6 NOMENCLATURE:- 2.6.1 Cylinder bore (d): The nominal inner diameter of the working cylinder is called the cylinder bore. It is expressed in millimeter (mm). 2.6.2 Piston area: The area of the circle of diameter equal to the cylinder bore is called the piston area. It is expressed by square centimeter (cm ²). 2.6.3 Stroke (L): The nominal distance through which a working piston moves between two successive reversals of its direction of motion is called the stroke is expressed in millimeter (mm). 2.6.4 Stroke to bore ratio: L/d ratio is an important parameter in classifying the size of the engine. If d If d=L, it is called square engine. If d>L, it is called over -square engine. An over square engine can operate at higher speeds because of large bore shorter stroke. 2.6.5 Dead center: The position of the working piston the moving parts which are mechanically connected to it, at the moment when the direction of the piston motion is reversed at either end of the stroke is called the dead center. There are two dead centers in the engine: Top dead center (TDC): It is the dead centers when the piston is farthest from the crankshaft. It is designated TDC for vertical engines inner dead center (IDC) for horizontal engines. Bottom dead center (BTC): It is the dead center when the piston is nearest to the crankshaft. It is designated as BDC for the vertical engines outer dead center (ODC) for horizontal engines. 2.6.6 Displacement or Swept volume: The nominal volume swept by the working piston when traveling from one dead center to other is called the displacement volume. It is expressed in terms of cubic centimeter (cc) given by VS = à Ã¢â€š ¬d ²L/4 2.6.7 Cubic Capacity of Engine Capacity: The displacement volume of a cylinder multiplied by number of cylinders in an engine capacity. For example, if there are K cylinders in an engine, then Cubic capacity = Vs x K 2.6.8 Clearance Volume (Vc): The nominal volume of the combustion chamber above the piston when it is at the top dead centre is the clearance volume. It is designated as Vc and expressed in cubic centimeter (cc). 2.6.9 Compression Ratio (r): it is the ratio of the total cylinder volume when the piston is at the bottom dead centre, Vt, to the clearance volume, Vc. It is designed by the letter r. r = Vt/Vc = (Vc + Vs)/Vc = 1 + Vs/Vc CHAPTER 3 WORKING OF AN I.C. ENGINE I.C. engine is a device which develops the work continuously taking the working fluid through cyclic process. The combination of piston and cylinder is suitable device for developing the work. In an arrangement of piston and cylinder of an ideal engine, following for process constitute the cycle: The air is compressed in the engine. Heat is added to the compressed air by external source. High pressure and high temperature air expands performing the work. The air after expansion returns to the original condition by rejecting heat to external sink. 3.1 The working principle of four-stroke spark ignition engine:- If an engine is to work successfully then it has to follow a cycle of operation in sequential manner. The sequence is quite rigid and can not be changed. In the following sections the working principle of both SI and CI engines is described. Even though both engines have much in common there are certain fundamental differences. The cycle of operation for an ideal four-stroke SI engine consist of the following four-stroke:- 1. Intake or suction stroke 2. Compression stroke 3. Power or expansion stroke 4. Exhaust stroke Intake or suction stroke :- Suction stroke starts when the piston is at the top dead centre and about to move downwards. The inlet valve is open at this time and exhaust valve is closed. Due to the suction created by the motion of the piston towards the bottom dead centre, the charge consisting of fuel-air mixture is drawn in to the cylinder. When the piston reaches the bottom dead centre the suction stroke ends and the inlet valve closes. compression stroke :- The charge taken in to the cylinder during the suction stroke is compressed by the return stroke of the piston. During this stroke both inlet and exhaust valves are in closed position. The mixture which fills the entire cylinder volume is now compressed in to the clearance volume. At the end of the compression stoke the mixture is ignited with the help of a spark plug located on the cylinder head. During the burning process the chemical energy of the fuel is converted in to heat energy producing temperature rise of about 2000 °C.The pressure at the end of the combustion process is considerably increased due to the heat release from the fuel. Expansion or power stroke :- The high pressure of the burnt gases forces the piston towards BDC. Both, the valves are in closed position .Of the four stroke only during this stroke power is produced. Both pressure and temperature decrease during expansion. Exhaust stroke :- At the end of the expansion stroke exhaust valve opens and inlet valve remains closed. The pressure falls to atmospheric level a part of the burnt gases escape. The piston starts moving from the bottom dead centre to top dead centre and sweeps the burnt gases out from the cylinder almost at atmospheric pressure. The exhaust valve closes when the piston reaches TDC .At the end of the exhaust stroke and some residual gases trapped in the clearance volume remain in the cylinder. CHAPTER 4 ACTUAL CYCLE FOR I.C.ENGINE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACTUAL CYCLE THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE:- The working substance is not air but a mixture of fuel and air during suction and compression and many gases during expansion and exhaust. Combustion of fuel not only adds the heat but changes the chemical composition also. The specific heat of gases changes with respect to temp. The residual gases change the composition, temp. and amount of fresh charge. The constant volume combustion is not possible. Compression and expansion are not isentropic. There is always some heat loss-due to heat transfer from the hot gases to cylinder walls. There is exhaust blow down loss due to early opening of exhaust valve. 4.2 VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM FOR 4-STROKE PETROL ENGINE:- (1) Inlet valve:- The intake valve should open, theoretically, at TDC; almost all SI engines an intake valve opening of a few degrees before TDC on the exhaust stroke. This is to ensure that the valve will be fully open and the fresh charge starts to flow into cylinder as soon as the piston reaches TDC. In figure ( ), the intake valve starts to open 10 o before TDC. As the piston descends on the intake stroke, the fresh charge is drawn in through the intake port and valve. It may be noted from figure ( ), that for a low speed engine, the intake valve closes 10o after BDC, and for a high speed engine, 60o after BDC. If the inlet valve is allowed to close at BDC, the cylinder would receive less charge than its capacity and the pressure of the charge at the end of the suction stroke will be below atmosphere. When the piston reaches BDC and start to ascend on the compression stroke, the inertia of the fresh charge tends to cause it to continue to move into the cylinder. At low engine speeds, the charge is moving into the cylinder relatively slowly, and its inertia is relatively low. If the intake valve were to remain open much beyond BDC, the up moving piston on the compression would tends to force some of the charge, already in the cylinder back into the intake manifold, with consequent reduction in volumetric efficiency. Hence, the intake valve is closed relatively early after BDC for a slow speed engine. For High Speed Engine, Inlet Valve closing is delayed after BDC to take above advantage. (2) Exhaust valve:- The exhaust valve usually opens before the piston reaches BDC on the expansion stroke. This reduces the work done by the expanding gases during power stroke, but decreases the work necessary to expel the burned products during exhaust stroke, and the result in an overall gain in output. During the exhaust stroke, the piston forces the burned gases out at high velocity. If the closing of the exhaust valve is delayed beyond TDC, the inertia of the exhaust gases tends to scavenge the cylinder better by carrying out greater mass of the gas left in the clearance volume, and result in increased volumetric efficiency. Consequently, the exhaust valve is often set to close a few degrees after TDC on the exhaust stroke, as indicated in figure ( ), it should be noted that it is quit possible for both the intake and exhaust valves to remain open, or partially open, at the same time. This is termed the valve overlap. (3) Ignition:- It would be proper to produce spark at the end of compression if the charge could burn instantaneously. How ever, there is always a time lag between the spark and ignition of the charge. The ignition starts some time after giving the spark, it is necessary to produce the spark before piston reaches the TDC to obtain proper combustion without losses. The angle through which the spark is given earlier is known as Ignition advance or Angle of advance 4.3 SOURCES OF LOSSES:- The difference between I.P. B.P. is known as total friction loss. This includes direct mechanical friction throttling losses through valves, pumping loss, blow down losses many others. 4.3.1. Direct frictional losses:- It includes bearing losses, as main bearing, camshaft bearing, and piston cylinder friction loss in many moving parts. The frictional losses are comparatively higher in reciprocating I.C. Engine. 4.3.2. Pumping losses:- The difference of work done in expelling the exhaust gases and the work done by fresh charge during the suction stroke is called the pumping work. In other words loss due to the gas exchange process (Pumping Loss) is due to pumping gas from lower inlet pressure to higher exhaust pressure. The pumping loss increases at part throttle because throttling reduces the suction pressure. Pumping loss increases with speed. The gas exchange processes affect the volumetric efficiency of the engine. 4.3.3. Blow by losses:- This loss because of leakage of combustion products past the piston forms the cylinder into the crank case. This loss depends upon inlet pressure and compression ratio .This loss increase directly with compression ratio but reduced with an increase in the engine speed. 4.3.4. Valve throttling losses:- The standard practice for sizing the exhaust valve is to produce smaller exhaust area than inlet valve area. This increases the pumping loss as smaller area resists more for the flow of exhaust gasses. This increase in speed of the engine rapidly if the valve size, valve timing and valve flow coefficients are not designed properly as shown in fig. by dotted line . The inlet throttling occurs due to the restrictions imposed by air cleaner, carburettor, and venture, throttle valve, inlet manifold and inlet valve. All these add in pressure loss .Similarly some pressure loss occurs during exhausting the burned gases. 4.3.5. Combustion chamber pump losses:- This loss occurs with pre-combustion chamber. This loss occurs due to the pumping work required to push the air into pre-combustion chamber through small orifice. This depends upon orifice size, and speed. It also increases with increasing the engine speed. 4.3.6. Power loss to drive the auxiliaries:- Some power is required to drive the auxiliaries such as water pump, fuel pump, cooling fan generator. This is also considered as loss as part of engine power developed is used for these purposes. 4.3.7. Heat loss factor:- During the combustion process and expansion the heat flows through the cylinder head. Some heat enters the piston and flows through the piston rings into the cylinder wall or is carried away by the engine lubricating oil which splashes on the underside of the piston. The heat loss along with other losses is shown on p-v diagram (Figure ( )). Heat loss during combustion has maximum effect on cycle efficiency while heat loss just before the end of expansion stroke has very little effect because of the contribution of useful work is very little. The heat lost during the combustion doesnt represent the complete loss only about 15% of total heat is lost during combustion expansion. If all the heat loss is recovered only 20% of if may appear as useful work. The effect of loss of heat during combustion is to reduce the maximum temperature and therefore, the specific heats are lower. Heat loss factor contributes around 12% to all their losses 4.3.8. Time loss factor:- In a thermodynamic cycle heat addition is assumed to be instantaneous process where as in actual cycle it is over a definite period of time .the time required for combustion is such that under all circumstances some change in volume takes place while it is in progress. The consequence of finite time of combustion is that peak pressure will not occur when volume is minimum i.e. when the piston at TDC but it will occur sometime after TDC. 4.3.9. Exhaust blow down:- The cylinder pressure at the end of exhaust stroke is about 7 bar depending on the compressor ratio. If the exhaust valve is opened at bottom dead centre the piston has to do work against high cylinder pressure during the part of the exhaust stroke. If the exhaust valve is opened too early, a part of the expansion stroke is lost. The best compromise is to open the exhaust valve 40 to 700 before BDC. Thereby, reducing the cylinder pressure to halfway to atmospheric before the exhaust stroke begins. 4.3.10. Knocking in SI- Engine:- Knocking is due to the auto-ignition of the end portion of the unburned charge in the combustion chamber. As the normal flame front proceeds across the chamber, the pressure the temp of the unburned charge increase due to compression by the burned portion of the charge. This unburned compressed charge may auto ignite under certain temp. Conditions release the energy at a very rapid rate compared to normal combustion process in the cylinder. This rapid release of energy during auto-ignition causes a high pressure differential in the c.c. and a high pressure wave is released from auto-ignition region. The motion of high pressure compression waves inside the cylinder causes vibration of the engine parts and pinking noise and it is known as knocking or detonation. Effect of knocking:- Mechanical damage:- Knocking creates very high pressure wave (200bar) of large amplitude. This increases the rate of wear almost of all mechanical parts like piston, cylinder head, valves. The frequency of this wave is as large as 5000 CPS. (2) Noise:- When the intensity of knock is high, a loud pulsating noise is created because of high intensity pressure wave vibrates back and forth across the cylinder. This noise is like as bell noise. (3) Increase in heat transfer rate:- When the engine is knocking, more heat is lost to the coolant as the dissipating rate increases. The major reason of increases in heat transfer rate during knocking is, the boundary layer of the gas near the wall is removed because of high vibration of gas molecules. (4) Power output:- It is also observed that slightly rated spark develops more power under knocking condition. This may be due to rapid burning of the last part of the charge and retard spark may be optimum under knocking. (5) Pre ignition:- It defined as an ignition of the charge as it comes in contact with hot surface, in the absence of spark. Auto ignition may overheat the spark plug and exhaust valve and it remains so hot that its temp. is sufficient to ignite the charge in the next cycle during the compression stroke before the spark occurs an this causes the pre ignition of the charge. The temperature required for pre i

Sunday, July 21, 2019

Proton Utilized Its Technology Marketing Essay

Proton Utilized Its Technology Marketing Essay Proton Holding Berhad or well known as Proton, a Malay acronym of Perusahaan Otomobil Nasional is the first Malaysian automobile manufacturer which has headquartered at Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. Proton is founded under idea of former Malaysia Prime Minister, Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamed in 1983 to manufacture, assemble and sell automobile vehicles and related products such as spare parts, accessories and other components. After two years of incorporated, Proton has produced its and Malaysias first car, the Proton Saga with technology and parts assistant of its shareholders cum technical assistant partner and supplier, Mitsubishi Corporation and Mitsubishi Motors Corporation and has been launched by Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamed by 9th July 1985.Just around three and half years after launch of Proton Saga, it has achieved 100,000 units produced in January of 1989 and by 1988, Proton has successfully grabbed 73 percent of passenger car market in Malaysia. Beside Malaysia market, Proton Sag a is the first model of Proton to enter international market such as United Kingdom. With technology support from Mitsubishi, Proton continued to develop new models for both local and oversea markets. After this successful of Proton Saga, Proton launched second car named Proton Wira which based on Mitsubishi Lancer platform and technology during 1993. Between 1996 and 1998, more than 220,000 units of Proton Wira were sold. The third model which relied on Mitsubishi technology is Proton Perdana that based on Mitsubishi Eterna was launched during 1995 for higher end market. The next Protons car which relied on Mitsubishi technology and platform is Proton Waja or as known as Proton Impian in UK which launched during 2001 and it is first car was designed internally by Proton itself. After the acquisition of Lotus, a United Kingdom car manufacturer in 1996. Proton utilized its technology and engineering in helping it develops several new models to replace its old models. In 2004, with technology and engineering of Lotus, Proton developed its own engine called Campro which using by its first replacement model called Proton Gen-2. In 2007, Proton comes out with second replacement model called Proton Persona, a sedan model of Proton Gen-2 which both to replace Proton Wira. By 18 January 2008, after more than 20 years of Proton Saga being launched, Proton launched its replacement model of Proton Saga. By 2010, Proton once again has entered into talks with Mitsubishi Motors which is going successfully and led to another replacement model being produced, Proton Inspira which based on platform and technology from Mitsubishi latest generation Lancer is replacement model for Proton Waja. The common strategy which applied into major modern businesses today is the marketing mix as known as 4Ps is contains four major groups, product, price, place and promotion. Kotler P., Armstrong G., Saunders J. Wong V. (1999) defined marketing mix as a set of controllable tactical marketing tools that the firm blends to produce the response it wants in the target market. It helps the firm to influence its targeted markets consumer buying behavior which leads to achieve its marketing objectives. Consumer buying behavior is defined by Schiffman, K. and Wisenblit (2010), as a the processes and behavioral that consumer display in search, select, purchase, use, evaluate, secure and dispose of products and services that suffice their gratification corresponding to their expectation. According to Kotler P. (2002), a consumers buying behavior is influenced by cultural, social, personal and psychological factors. While consumer in buying decision making, there are some factors affecting them . Its vital for a firm to understand the factors that influencing the consumer purchasing decisions in order to effectively utilize the marketing mix tools as consumer stimuli and lead to marketing objectives achieve. In SPR (Stimulus, Process, Response) model by Svend H. (2010) (refer appendix A), marketing mix is one of the important elements in stimulate consumer buying behavior. In Proton, the marketing mix has been adopted as most of the businesses in the world did. Proton has been adopting Mitsubishi and Lotus technology in producing and including in its products as a part of product strategy to improve consumer confidence toward Protons products. In price strategy, Proton offering affordable price for mid-low income level consumer which lead to major sales of Protons products, for example, Proton Saga. Proton is selling its products locally and globally. For both targeted market, showrooms and service centrals have been set up at main cities for conveniences of consumers to obtain Protons products and services after sales. Especially for local market, large number of showrooms and service centrals has been set up in cities and towns of each state. In promotion strategies, there is numerous methods by Proton to promote its products such as showrooms sales person, mainstream media advertising, outdoor promotion events, internet advertising, participating in world class motorsport and so on. 1.2 Problems Statements According to the announcement made by Ministry of International Trade and Industry in 23rd AFTA Council Meeting, in order to promote greater economic efficiency, productivity and competitiveness, Malaysia will be a complete free trade area effective from 1st January 2010, with the elimination of duties on over 2,000 tariff lines (Choy J.Y and Ng C.S (2011) cited Palaniappan (2009)). The elimination of the trade barriers will significantly increase the competitiveness of Malaysia automotive industry as the price of import cars from ASEAN Free Trade Area, AFTA member countries will be significantly decrease as well. Other than the challenges brought by the possible import car price cut down, the emerging of China and India automotive manufacturer yet possibly double the challenges in Malaysia auto market. This will be great challenges toward automotive manufacturers and dealers in Malaysia especially local manufacturers. Thus, local car manufacturer or dealer in Malaysia must have suff icient preparations to face the upcoming challenges. Although Proton has granted with returning of Mitsubishi technology in developing new replacement models in order to increase its competitive advantages to face future challenges within Malaysia automotive industry. However, it is crucial for Proton to understand what are the factors that affecting consumer buying behavior while purchasing Proton car. Its important for Proton to determine is its product factors are competitive enough to compete in future challenging domestic auto market, Is the car price of the Proton is main factor? Is the quality of Proton car is main factor? 1.3 Research Questions Does the performance of the Protons product is the main factor that affecting consumer buying decision? Does the price of the Protons product is the main factor that affecting consumer buying decision? Does the after purchased risk of the Proton car is the main factor that affecting consumer buying decision? Does the quality of the Protons product is the main factor that affecting consumer buying decision? 1.4 research Objectives The main objective of the research is to study the factors affecting purchasing decisions toward Proton latest product. Specifically objectives: To determine the association between product performance and buying decision. To determine the association between product price and buying decision. To determine the association between product risk and buying decision. To determine the association between product quality and buying decision. 1.5 Research Significances This research is being conducted in order to provide an understanding to local car manufacturer, Proton about the consumer buying behavior which is one of the key elements in Proton marketing strategies. Its very crucial for Proton to take this understanding into account as it helps to understand better factors affecting consumer buying decisions and this also will helps Proton to examine if their current strategies which alliance with Mitsubishi in developing new car model is working well in attracting consumer. The determination of the factors which affecting the consumer purchasing decision in this study also will help Proton to develop best strategies in future competitive environments especially the implementation of AFTA policy. Other than this, through this study, Proton would able to identify its products attracting which types of consumer in making purchase. By knowing its consumer, Proton will be able offer the best product that market want and need. Its important for Proto n to face the future challenges in Malaysia automotive industry. Other than Proton itself, this study would be useful information for marketing researcher, student in their future research about consumer behavior on purchasing automotive products or automotive market related study.

Saturday, July 20, 2019

John Steinbecks East of Eden - Confused Notions of Good and Evil :: East Eden Essays

Confused Notions of Good and Evil in East of Eden East of Eden is an epic novel about individual ethics - whether men and women have the power to choose between good and evil. East of Eden, to be polite, it is not Steinbeck's best novel. Not by a long shot. Steinbeck had wrestled with a moral question and lost. It was as though he had been thinking about life, but not too deeply. "East of Eden" was a third-rate best seller, the story of two American families over three generations, seven decades from the Civil War to World War I, told in a book that confuses us with contradictions, that lacks fictional concentration and that wanders in and around too many themes. Clifton Fadiman once said it was wrong to describe Steinbeck as a hard boiled writer. Well, if a comparison with eggs is necessary, "East of Eden" is an overdone omelet. Steinbeck himself worried about its weaknesses. In a letter to his editor, he said, "It's kind of a sloppy sounding book, but it's not sloppy, really." Well, it was sloppy. Begging the forgiveness of the people who gave Steinbeck the Pulitizer and the Nobel Prizes for Literature, there are portions of "East of Eden" that sound like something out of Freshman Composition I. Some of the syntax seems like scrambled eggs: - "All around the main subject the brothers beat." - "The wrinkles around them (his eyes) were drawn in radial lines inward by laughter." - "In human affairs of danger and delicate success, conclusion is sharply limited by hurry." All of which sounds a bit like Charlie Chan explaining life to No. 1 son. Steinbeck's "East of Eden" now has been adapted for television by ABC, an eight-hour presentation beginning tonight (Channel 5, 8 to 11), tomorrow (9 to 11) and Wednesday (8 to 11). This is no cheapie. Ten years in the making, "East of Eden" was shot on location at a cost of $11.2 million, with Savannah, Ga. standing in for Connecticut scenes and Salinas, Cal. for itself. ABC boasts in a press release that the 1955 film starring James Dean covered only a small portion of "East of Eden," while the 1981 film attempts to depict the entire novel. Ironically, by the way, today (Sunday) is the 50th anniversary of Dean's birth.

Friday, July 19, 2019

Shakespeares The Tempest as a Microcosm of Society Essay -- Shakespea

The Tempest as Microcosm of Society      Ã‚  Ã‚   The Tempest is one of Shakespeare's most universal plays and, not coincidentally, is very much concerned with human behavior and emotion. As John Wilders observes in The Lost Garden, â€Å"Prospero’s island is what the sociologists call a ‘model’ of human society. Its cast of characters allows Shakespeare to portray in microcosm nearly all the basic, fundamental social relationships: those of a ruler to his territory, a governor to his subjects, a father to his child, masters to servants, male to female, and the rational to the irrational within the human microcosm itself" ([London: Macmillan Press Ltd., 1978], 127). Prospero himself is an observer of and experimenter with human behavior: he saw human nature at its worst when his brother usurped his dukedom and sent Prospero and Miranda off to almost certain death; he has tried to nurture Caliban’s human half and to teach the monster acceptable human conduct; he demonstrates a working knowledge of reverse psychology when he maneuvers his daughter into love with Ferdinand; and, finally, he examines his own behavior and emotions in relation to his enemies, relatives, and friends. Prospero and the play ask two questions: Is behavior such an Antonio's the basic nature of human beings; and, if so, can nurture improve upon nature? In modern terms, the play struggles with the ever-present debate over the impact of heredity and environment. His first observations--of Antonio's and Alonso’s treachery--were inadvertent and even unexpected; however, they prompted Prospero to shift the focus of his studies from â€Å"the liberal arts† to human behavior. Prospero has devoted himself to gaining knowledge and, as he admits to Miranda, neglected h... ...â€Å"the Ariel and the Caliban of which his own—and our—nature consists† (Wilders, New Prefaces to Shakespeare, 273); he has found the answer to the dilemma of nature vs. nurture in his own psyche, and with this knowledge he returns to the human society of Milan a more balanced, more complete human being than when he left it.    Works Cited and Consulted Hirst, David L. The Tempest: Text and Performance London: Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1984. Rowman and Littlefield: Manchester University Press, 1980. Shakespeare, William   Measure for Measure 3.1.148 The Riverside Shakespeare, ed. G. Blakemore Evans Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1974. Callaghan, Dympna William Shakespeare Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986. Wilders, John The Lost Garden London: Macmillan Press Ltd., 1978. Wilders, New Prefaces to Shakespeare Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988.

William Butler Yeats Essay -- essays research papers

William Butler Yeats - An Irish poet, dramatist, and prose writer - Known for having intellectual and often obsucure poetry works - Quoted to be â€Å"one of the greatest English-language poets of the 20th century† - Even Received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1923 o What was most recognizable about that fact is that he is famous for his lyrical poetic works that came after the prize - Yeats war born in 1865 in Dublin Yeats's childhood was broad in education and personal experiences. Yeats became a youth full of emotional contradictions. Spiritually, educationally, and personally, Yeats seemed to pull himself in different directions, unable to decide on a clear path. These internal contradictions would come to shape the writer and man that he would one day become. o Father was a lawyer turned painter o Art was no stranger in his family o But his religious views were His spiritual outlook played significant role in his life and his works. Born into a Protestant family, with a paternal grandfather and great-grandfather having been Anglican clergymen, religion was a constant presence in his childhood. Yeats began to abandon the religion of his Rationalist upbringing and made a new religion out of poetic tradition (Kunitz, 1560). "You know what the Englishman's idea of compromise is? He says, some people say there is a God. Some people say there is no God. The truth probably lies somewhere between these two statements." - In his youth he was very interested in the occult - stemming from his fascination with Irish folk stories and tales - Became increasingly interested Mysticism o Specifically, Reincarnation, communication with the dead, mediums, supernatural systems, and oriental mysticism  Much of his work was influenced by these factors  â€Å"The mystical life is the centre of all that I do and all that I think and all that I write† - 1886 Formed the Dublin Lodge of the... ...e witnessed this serene scene at Coole Park - The swans emphasize a fixed flow in the inconsistencies of time o â€Å"passion or conquest†  Question whether the swans take off for the passion of flight or simply for the spirit of adventure - Yeats makes the swans seem other worldly, existing inside his state of nostalgia - In the final lines, he expresses doubt for the first time o He seems to expect to find that the swans will have flown away one day and he will be left without the feelings of delight that they sinstill in him  Other ‘men’s eyes’ will enjoy their beauty †¢ Meaning that time will go on and some one else will simply take his place o The poem ends with a question which suggests that the poet is pondering not only what will happen in the future but also how he will feel then - This poem is filled with detailed imagery and an introspective steady theme of nostalgia

Thursday, July 18, 2019

Historical Perspectives in Special Education Essay

Autism Spectrum Disorder There are many different definitions for the term special education. An effective definition for special education is that its specialized instruction that students with disabilities are entitled to receive as articulated in IDEA, (Friend, M). There are many different disabilities that can entitle a student to special education. Students are entitled due to learning disorders, mental retardation, physical disabilities, and also disorders such as autism. In this paper I will discuss doctors, schools, and educators that has had made a difference in the life of a student with autism. Born, February 18, 1906, Hans Asperger was an Austrian pediatrician that published the first definition of Asperger’s Syndrome in 1944. Asperger did a study on four boys and acknowledged a pattern of behavior and abilities that he called â€Å"autistic psychopathy†. The word autistic means self and psychopathy means personality disease. According to Asperger, the pattern included a lack of empathy, little ability to form friendships, one-sided conversations, intense abruptions in a special interest, and clumsy movements. Children with Asperger’s Syndrome had the ability to discuss their favorite subject in great detail and for that reason Asperger often called them â€Å"little professors†. Asperger passed away October 21, 1980, before the identification of this pattern of behavior became widely recognized. Today, technology plays a major role in the life of a student with ASD such as the software Mind Reading, which helps them cope with the disorder ASD and learn different skills daily. Mind Reading is a software that covers the entire spectrum of emotions, and is suitable for the ages of 5 through adult hood. Using the software can help a student explore over 412 emotions, allowing them to hear the emotions by six different people. Mind Reading also provides context, there are 2472 faces, voices, and stories about emotions. Mind Reading is inexpensive for its value. Parents can purchase Mind Reading for $129 for the DVD that contains the emotions library module, games zone, and learning center modules. This DVD can also be run on computers. There is a more expensive software starting at $499 that would be used for classrooms. This device is the DVD with Site License. This package contains 4CDROM disks that are used to install the product directly to the hardware. Mind Reading software can be helpful to a student with ASD in a classroom, by helping them learn their emotions and how to cope with them. This software allowing them to hear so many voices, see so many faces, and hear many different stories gives them the knowledge that they are not the only one’s feeling those different emotions. Aside from the Mind Reading software, there are also different institutions that are helpful to students with ASD and tend to their emotions. There are places such as the New England Center for Children that’s available to students with ASD. NECC has twenty-five years of practical experience. Located in Massachusetts, it is accessible to students with ASD from all over. NECC has a commitment to respectfully provide high quality educational services, and to help each student to reach his or her individual potential and to lead a productive and independent a life as possible. NECC offers several services such as academic, speech and language therapy; development of social and life skills, vocational training, physical education, occupational therapy, family services, outreach services and health care. Independence is strictly emphasized at NECC. There are schools such as Heartspring that serves children with various disabilities as well as schools such as Pacific Autism Center for Education that has residential group homes. Parents may prefer to send their children to a school that serves children with ADS versus an inclusion classroom, because their needs are specifically identified at a school for ASD. Inclusion classrooms are great for social skills but it can cause confusion when it comes to there needs being met. Schools are not the only supporters of ASD; there are also several agencies that serve students with ASD. Bernard Rimland founded the Autism Society of America (ASA) in 1965. ASA is dedicated to increasing public awareness about autism and the day-to-day issues faced by individuals with autism, there families and the professionals they interact with. ASA and its chapters share a common mission of providing information and education as well as research and advocating for programs and services for the autism community. An important service that ASA provides is valuable peer support. Peer support is valuable because it brings together parents and families who are dealing with the same emotions as the others; rather they are joyful or painful. Overall, I believe that if Hans Asperger was still alive today he would be actively involved in the different organizations and agencies providing services for students with ASD. The study that Hans Asperger did has increased in knowledge and if he was still alive today he would have contributed to the study done and correct the assumptions done by society. If Hans Asperger could send a message to me a future professor, it would probably say to be patient with the students with ASD and to take the time to try and understand them. Hans story has inspired me as a future teacher because he watched two young children and noticed something different in them. With what he noticed he did a study and found interesting facts that nobody else ever noticed. That alone has been an inspiration, and a note to me to watch your students and notices there differences it could have a special meaning behind it. Works Cited ASA, The Voice of America. (2004). Chapter Descriptions. Retrieved March 20, 2006 from http://www.autism-society.org/site/PageServer?pagename=ChapterIntro Autism Coach. (2004). Mind Reading. Retrieved March 20, 2006, from http://autismcoach.com/Mind%20Reading.htm The New England Center for Children. (2001). Programs and Services. Retrieved March 27, 2006, from http://www.necc.org/programs_services/services.asp Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (2006). Hans Asperger. Retrieved March 20, 2006, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Asperger&printable=yes

Wednesday, July 17, 2019

Active Vibration Control Importance In Mechanical Systems Engineering Essay

This literature use up is establish on combat-ready trembling gibe and its engine room importance in agreements ( mechanised ) . Active shiver surmount is the procedure of minimizing, insulating or r befying pull discloses imposed by tucker out, by sprightlyly using opposing intensitys in regulate to acquire a suitable positioning which whitethorn be vibration-free or a minimized status.The active watch of thump is of great importance in design of mechanical outlines a cargon choppers, where the employ of active perplex domination overshadow, has offered a better comfort for the rider with dwarfish weight than the electrostatic variation, which is the 2nd head regularity of commanding chill. Active suppress is besides utilise in jump downing low oftenness beat out in spins by utilizing lightweight tremble actuators like piezoelectric ceramic. Many indus attempt operations and procedures fag non take topographic signal if the industrial equi pments argon non operated in a vibration-free status, this necessitates waver take. Since oscillation whitethorn be ca apply by the imbalance in nearly tool part ( revolving parts like bearings, shaft, cogwheels, flywheel etc ) the cognition of active shell swear is indispensable for the machine privileged decorator in tout ensemble(prenominal)ege to fiddle forth an efficient and effectual machine jumps for modern twenty-four hours fabrication. Active frisson lead has up to four regularitys viz. hyaloplasm method acting, supposititious finite chemical element method, oftenness answer map and receptances method. The receptance method involve poles and zeros arrangement ( concession of lineament starting signal of a squ argon(a) ground substances ) which changes the infixed frequencys to avoid resonance.However, the construct of classical quiver absorber keister be related to a Frahm who registered US patent in 1909 for a device muffling quiver organ ic structures 1 . The scheme of quiver soaking up initiatory appe bed in 1928 2 in an unfastened literature and was made astray available in 1943 in the depression edition of a book authored by J.P Den Hartog, Mechanical quiver 3 . at that place are dickens tribal headway types of quiver overcome viz. the quiet structural qualifying and active quiver control. The application of the former discount be traced back to the hammer of Duncan 4 . In 1941 he refractory the dynamic features of a change governance formed from 2 or more than sub dodgings with complecting belongingss and cognise receptances.The fitting of mark ancestry of a self-colored intercellular substance in active control community started in 1960 s when Wonham 5 gave an exhibition that poles of a system could be assigned by a responsibleness feedback in a recount of personal matters whereby the system can be controlled. Kautsky et.al 6 described the numerical method for casualty ro bust ( erect conditioned ) rootages to the res publica feedback pole assignment frolic by specifying a solution infinite of linearly independent eigenvectors, matching to the symptomatic root of a substantive intercellular substances required. The solutions gotten were such that the sensibility of poles assigned to disturbances in the systems and addition matrices was minify. i of the interesting facet in active quiver control is the quadratic diagnostic root of a forthright ground substance job ( QEP ) taken into history by Tisseur and Mbergeen 7 , they described the assorted linearization i.e. teddy of QEP into additive universalized eigenvalue jobs with the same device feature root of a straightforward matrixs and computational method besides integrating as many types of package available like matlab.A study of experimental and a priori opinion of active quiver control was carried out, with some documents that contained the relevant surveies. The literature study majorly contained past search work make by little figure of establishments and experts with their various techniques and so follows a brief pr to each oneing on documents of peculiar involvement.1.1 Experimental Surveies1.1.1 Techniques use in University of SouthamptonNumerous sum of work has been make, this in the rootage place uses further feedback. In publication of Brennan et Al. 8 , five variant actuators were compared ( magnetostrictive, electromagnetic and trey piezoelectric types ) . in that location was a counterpoise in all the devices between succeed and force generating public presentation thusly a method of mensurating the balance was deduced. progression would hold been made, because it was written as farthermost back as 1998, particularly in piezoelectric.Decentralised whet feedback is described in publication work of Serrand and Elliot 9 , on a stiff expression with a twain of about collocated sensors electromagnetic actuators, which are in parallel with a inactive saddle horse. Two control transmit which are independent were apply and shown to attenuate low address ( 40dB ) mostly and be stable to little fluctuations in rush. The published work of Sang-Myeong et Al, . 10 Shows that the modify control is expanded to a stiff construction with four detectors and actuators, and so follows the same touch on up in a pliant construction 11 . The control dodge was used to rarefy low relative frequency which is less than 100 Hz quiver by up to 14 dubnium, restrict by the instability of the low relative frequency introduced from filtrating act excisions.State feedback from pelt along and force measuring Benassi et al 12 is used on a 3 form of freedom ( DOF ) system, utilizing an actuator of item-by-item inactiveness. The feedback cringle of privileged force ( with a phase-lag compensator ) , reduces the indwelling oftenness and adds considerable muffling. Control attempt and mo can be compared to a linear-quadratic regulator ( LQ R ) .In published work of Benassi et al. , 13 , the same system was used for faulting feedback, with PID used to forestall the sink of the actuator and to modify the earthy frequence of the actuator. Highpass drops are used on the four on the four detector and actuator decentralized system Brennan et al 14 to give an weaken of 20 dubnium for tact at frequence less than 100 Hz.In ( Brennan et al, 2007 ) , the instability introduced from filtrating as a consequence of stage displacement is tested on the cardinal actuator system described in the published work of Serrand and Elliot ( 2000 ) . Condition for stability of supplanting, speed and acceleration feedback using elevatedpass come homes were developed, it was besides shown that high damping and intercoursely low box seat frequences are desirable for supplanting and speed feedback.Gatti et Al ( 2007 ) used collocated piezoelectric transducer actuators and accelerometers, and dam pen quiver by explicitly ciphering the minimum energising energy of the system. The system was found to be unstable when more than tear down additions lower than maximal theoretical were used. An absolute speed control ( AVF ) strategy ( Yan Et Al, Journal of give way quiver ) was shown to be effectual at rarefying merely low frequence discretion therefore get jobs with the actuator resonances which is stabilized by a lead compensator.1.1.2 Techniques used in Virginia TechWilliam et al 11 provides a ecumenic reappraisal of the operation of four different types of piezoceramic actuators, with the preliminary trial of d31 consequence of macro instruction Fibre Composites ( MFCs ) on a 1.8 meters diameter inflatable toroid ( hard state of affairs to prove, because of its flexibleness ) . Sodano et al 12 ran Single Input Single issue ( SISO ) and Multiple Input and Multiple production ( MIMO ) tests on the same construction, utilizing MFC detectors 13 .In instal to exci te the whole toroid, a astronomic propulsion force was required ( 800V through with(p) the MFC, 0-200Hz ) . Comparison was made between control strategies utilizing both sets of detectors on the toroid construction utilizing PPF ( Sodano, 2004 ) . The unsullied The PVDF detectors allowed lower attenuation when compared to that of cleaner signals from the MFCs which allow a significantly high fading.Positive Velocity Feedback ( PVF ) was used by Tarazaga et al 15 to stifle a little inflatable construction, and compared instrument like optical maser vibrometer, accelerometer and railway line gage detectors. quadruple FMC actuators were used while their control parametric quantities were tuned by manus. A 23 dubnium decline was achieved in one manner with tinge via optical maser vibrometer, 7.db with strain gage.Alhazza et al 16 conducted a elaborate probe on delayed feedback of a non-collocated PZT patch/accelerometer brace clamped on abeam, to stifle cardinal manners at the same time. It has been shown that the muffling control is maximised where each pole has tangible parts of alike(p) magnitudes.Mahmoodi et al 17 used modify positive place feedback on an aluminum beam with two span of MFC sensor/actuator. They besides used realtime Fast Fourier substitute monitoring in dSPACE to about uprise the resonances of the system and alter the frequence of the comptroller consequently. A rangy amplitude devolve was achieved in two manners ( 23-37 dubnium ) and a little revisal in frequences as an inauspicious consequence.1.1.3 Techniques used in BrusselsPerumont pitch written many documents simply the most recent one is base on isolation of warheads. Hanieh and Perumont 18 used relative and built-in compensators to cut down the natural frequence of an isolator construction by half(a) ( 50 % ) , although this does non specifically place the poles. They highlighted the role of built-in addition to brace the system for increase relative addition.Marneffe and Perumont 19 showed that manners can be dampened by damaging electrical capacity shunt circuits utilizing PZT actuators all(prenominal) bit good as increasing or diminishing the natural frequencies..This method does non stifle every bit good as Integrated Force Feedback ( IFF ) , and poles are non specified all the way. The system can besides supply some inactive fading.Preumont et al 20 described decentralized force feedback on six-axis isolator in auberge to stifle three widely disjointed manners of frequence ( 3-400 Hz ) last to 40 dubniums. They observed that the demand for highpass filter with a really low corner frequence whish stabilise the combine signals has a side consequence on the fading.1.1.4 Techniques used in Other InstitutionsGaudenzi et al 21 utilise place and speed feedback to a collocated PZT sensor/actuator on a clamped beam. Control additions are calculated in order to give specified muffling determine in each instance, the frequence displacements are besides calculated but non clearly specified.Song et Al 22 compared descriptor Rate Feedback ( SRF ) and Positive Position Feedback ( PPF ) for quiver abate of a beam, utilizing a collocated PZT detector and actuator. They determined SRF damped quivers in about half clip of PPF, but the restrainer bandwidth was much smaller.Vasques and Rodrigues 23 presented a numerical survey which compares permanent Amplitude Velocity Feedback ( CAVF ) , Changeless Gain Velocity Feedback ( CGVF ) , Linear quadratic comparison Regulator ( LQR ) and Linear Quadratic Gausssian ( LQG ) control on a beam with a piezoelectric actuator/sensor collocated brace. The customs duty of Kalman-Bucy filter and its part to the possibility of spillover were demonstrated. CAVF and CGVF require sign of the end product signals, which compromise stableness badly. The greatest fading was given by LQG control schemes with the lowest actuator force.Kolvalovs et al 24 model the ef fects of MFC actuators as a thermic burden in bounded Element ( thermic enlargement coefficient I = piezoelectric changeless vitamin D / electrode pose I?es ) , which was compared favorably with trial on a clamped aluminum beam. There was a study of big fading but it was non the control method.PZT detectors and four PZT actuators were used by Kwak and Heo 25 on the legs of an A frame to cut down quiver with Multiple-In-Multiple-Out PPF control. Block diametrical technique was used by them to stifle more braces of pole than actuators, and to increase stableness. A subside in natural frequences was predicted and observed, but are non explicitly specified in the control.Qiu et al 26 used non-collocated PZTs to command the prototypal and the first two flexing manner of a beam. Lowpass filter and stage displacements were used to greatly lower the possibility of spillover. Their Variable twist Control ( VSC ) uses the built-in of signal measured. pole arrangement in procedure t echnology gather inms to be prevailing and reasonably apply in a broad mode, for type Michiels et al 27 used the province feedback and the consequence of the clip hold was included. However, the chief aim in these systems is stability non the fading.1.1.5 lotion of Pole PlacementAn interesting facet in pole arrangement is the work done by Mahmoodi et al 17 , where the accountant with regard to the natural frequences of the system determined from the extremums of a FFT in dSPACE. A technique which is the same could let the control of time-varying raft, the FFT mustiness be buffered must be buffered, thereof the adaptative control is comparatively slow. There whitethorn be demand of actual clip robust curve adjustment.In published work of Kwak and Heo 25 , it is shown that in an effort to delegate more poles than actuators with a PPF accountant, discerning control additions utilizing the pseudo confrontation may non be desiable. This cogency of this may besides be appli cable for the receptance method.A figure of surveies start out shown that the addition in truth of MFCs as detectors when compared to new(prenominal) strain gages and accelerometers could better the anticipations of the control addition. The honestst accountants, like displacement feedback were non every bit effectual as more complex accountants, but the best control strategy is non clear. It was shown that highpass filters and turning onward of taking derived functions of measured signal are demand. In some conditions of PZT actuators, lowpass filters were required because they can readily excite manners of high frequence and give rise to spillover.1.2 hypothetic SurveiesSome few documents were selected so that the consecutive phylogeny of the subject can be presented without adverting all the research works conducted by the research workers. Before the theoretical reappraisal it is dogmatic to present some mathematical theory of quiver quelling for the intent of familia rization with the active quiver control.In widely distributed the rule of active quiver control by method of receptance modelled by Mottershead and random memory 28 is as followsSee the three systems M, C, and K with province feedback Where, M is the mass system C is the damping system K is bound system ( stiffness )Ma ( T ) + Ca? ( T ) + Kx ( T ) = point Fahrenheit(postnominal) ( T ) ( clip force field ) ( 1 )Ma ( T ) + Ca? ( T ) + Kx ( T ) = bu ( T ) + P ( T ) ( 2 )B is a vector while u ( T ) is a scalar.U ( T ) = ( gTx + fTa? )U ( T ) = -gTx fTa?Then equation ( 2 ) becomesMa ( T ) + Ca? ( T ) + Kx ( T ) = B ( -gTx fTa? ) + P ( T ) ( 3 )Ma ( T ) + Ca? ( T ) + Kx ( T ) = bgTx bfTa? + P ( T ) ( 4 )Under a existent status, each non nothing tushings in B means the usage of an actuator while in g or degree Fahrenheit means the usage of detector.In frequence sphere, the consequence in equation ( 4 ) gives Ms2 + Cs + K +b ( gT + foot ) x ( s ) =p ( s )It is obvious that the close-loop dynamic stiffness is changed by the rank-1 alteration B ( gT+ foot ) out-of-pocket to the province feedback when one input is used.The turnaround of a matrix with a rank-1 alteration in footings of the opposite of the original matrix is given by The Sherman-Morrison expression 29 .Hence, the close-loop receptance matrix isA ( s ) = H ( s ) H ( s ) B ( gT + foot ) H ( s )1+ ( gT + foot ) H ( s ) BH ( s ) is equal to the opposite of Ms + Cs + K . It may be determined practically from the matrix of receptances H ( tungsten ) measured at the sensor/actuator coordinates.1.2.1 Receptance Modelling TechniquesMottershead and Ram 28 concluded that the system matrices M, C and K are non required to be evaluated in delegate poles and nothings in active quiver control when utilizing receptance method.Duncan 30 and Sofrin 31 were the first set of people to compose makeup which addressed the job of uniting two or more self-propelled systems in 1941 and 1945 severally. The job considered by them was based on finding the dynamic behaviour of a compound system which was formed as a consequence of uniting two or more subsystems with cognize receptances and known belongingss which are inter affiliated. The technique creates the footing for the job of direct structural alteration by receptance modeling, which the elaborate account has been given by Bishop and Johnson 32 . Ewins 33 gave a general expression for finding the receptances of a compound system utilizing measured receptances from another constituent. In this, the matrix of connection-point receptances need to be inverted, this is known to be an improperly posed job. Berman 33, 34 has explained the job in flexibleness matrix inversion to obtain stiffness and infirmity versa.Weissenburger 35 presented the first paper to babble about reverse structural alteration job. In this job, the aim is to find the necessary alteration to put natural frequences and antiresonances ( assignment of feature of speech root of a straight matrix ) . The receptance in the receptance patterning method proposed by Weissenburger got decomposed into abbreviated set of spectra and manners. Weissenburger s work was extended by Pomazal autonomic queasy systems Synder 36 to muffle system and see the best pick of alteration co-ordinates.Dowell 36 used an attack called quotient attack considered the general form of puting natural frequences after adding mass and barrage to modify. The straightforward procedure applied in simple unit-rank alterations by summation of a mass, is the assignment of individual natural frequence. It merely requires the measuring of the point receptance at the co-ordinate of alteration at the frequence to be assigned for the value of the mass added to be determined for the intent of deputation a individual natural frequence. In pattern, the add-on of a grounded jumpstart is more hard than an added mass.Receptance modeling for the assignment of antiresona nces was foremost applied in UK chopper constancy in 1972. It was discovered by Vincent 37 that when a construction is excited at a point Q with fixed frequence is modified by adding a spring between two co-ordinates r and s, so the response at another point P will follow out a slew when it is plotted in the complex plane when the stiffness of the spring is universe varied from subtraction to positivistic eternity. Hence there is a decrease in job of quiver suppression to happening point on the circle nearest to the complex response beginning. entire description of this method was given by Done and Hughes 38 and was further analysed by Nagy 39 to include Vincent circle epitome of a spring-mass absorber.The job of delegating antiresonance was discovered once more after a long period of no activities by Li et al 40 , but at that place was a parturiency in their analysis by the necessity to find the manners of the grounded system that have singularity root of a square matrixs matching to the antiresonances. The manner was determined numerically from the mass and stiffness matrices already reduced in size by the eliminating haggle and column. The sensitivenesss of the system antiresonances were considered by Mottershead 41 . chill node was created by Mottershead and Lallement 42 by call offing pole with a nothing utilizing a receptance patterning method. Force restraint to measured point and cross-receptances was applied by Mottershead 43 in order to find characteristic root of a square matrixs ( pole ) , eigenvector and receptances of the forced systems. Then, add-on of multitudes to a beam leads to the exercise of delegating antiresonances in a physical experiment for the first clip.1.2.2 Active Control TechniquesMottershead and Ram 28 , concluded that active quiver control offers much greater flexibleness in delegating coveted dynamic behavior ( like poles ) than the inactive alteration because all poles can be assigned to order arb itrary location if the system is manageable while in inactive alteration there is a restriction of cruciform alteration.In the theory of automatic control, a cardinal consequence provinces that the object lesson force of a system a can be regulated by delegating the characteristic root of a square matrixs, or poles, of the system utilizing a individual input force, provided that the system is governable 44 . Another option to modulate the moral force of a system is to utilize multiple control forces 45 . The usage of multiple control forces lead to accomplishment of redundancy which has been used by Kautsky et al 3 to do certain that there is hardiness of the control system in the sense that the pole assigned are non sensitive to disturbances in the parametric quantities of the system. For stableness to be achieved, all the system s pole must lie on the left-hand side of the complex plane. In every bit much as natural quivers are described ordinarily by finite component th eoretical account which are of big dimensions, it is non conventionalityly easy to cognize whether all the characteristic root of a square matrixs consume negative existent parts, particularly when a large-space structural control system is being designed 46,47 . While some characteristic root of a square matrixs associated with big oscillation are being relocated, other characteristic root of a square matrix of which there was no bearing of altering them, shifted towards the righ hand-side of the complex plane and this may take to instability of the system. Such a procedure is called the spillover of poles. Saad 48 developed an algorithmic rule for the selective changing of the spectrum of the dynamic system consists of a set of first-order differential equation. For the partial derivative pole assignment job associated with systems undergoing quiver, a unkindly-form solution was derived in 49 , where there was resettlement of some coveted characteristic root of a squa re matrixs to order places, while all other characteristic root of a square matrixs tolerate unchanged. The usage of a certain perpendicularity relation made this accomplishable which applies to a general viscously-damped system. Generalisation has been made refering this method to include multi-input control forces. In this, little control attempt was control by redundancy in the control forces.1.2.3 free burning System TechniqueThe job of direct characteristic root of a square matrix of a system which is additive and uninterrupted and in combination with another system is good understood. Danek 50 used grand s maps in obtaining the characteristic equation and natural frequences of two beams which are connected at distinct points. Classical method of dividing variables was used by Nicholson and Bergman 51 in order to analyze free quiver of two types of feature additive undamped dynamical systems. Both systems need the add-on of oscillator to beams. Bergman and Nicholson 5 2 besides showed that for a additive have system dwelling of a viscously damped simple beam and a figure of viscously damped oscillators, the response could be solved in closed signifier. Conditionss were given for the being of classical normal manners in a combined viscously damped additive system and the precise solution for the response to an arbitrary excitement when this status is satisfied.In uninterrupted systems, nodal points can be specified by utilizing inactive or active control. The control force in footings of an infinite merchandise of characteristic root of a square matrixs was expressed by Ram 53 . The consequence is based on certain relation that connects the eigenfunctions to a merchandise of characteristic root of a square matrixs 54 .It was shown by Singh and Ram 55 that anodal point in a vibrating beam may be assigned bythe usage of manner form informations associated with auxiliary set of partial differential equations.In decision,