Saturday, August 31, 2019

World.ell

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Bus230 Exam Iii Review Ch10-13

BBus20 – Exam III Review – Ch 10-13 Name: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. While trying to determine the effects of lighting and noise on workers' productivity, which of the following found that social and psychological factors could significantly affect productivity? A. Frederick Taylor B. Elton Mayo C. Abraham Maslow D. Victor Vroom E. B. F. Skinner 2. Theories X and Y are most closely associated with A. Abraham Maslow. B. Frederick Herzberg. C. Douglas McGregor. D. Elton Mayo. E. William Ouchi. 3. Sue wants to be warm, but she is not; she has a A. roblem. B. motivation. C. morale. D. need. E. goal. 4. An inner drive that directs behavior toward objectives is called A. a goal. B. a need. C. motivation. D. morale. E. an incentive. 5. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, a person who buys a smoke alarm is motivated to do so in an attempt to fulfill the following need: A. physiological. B. social. C. esteem. D. security. E. self-actualization. 6. All of the following would be examples of objective assessments of an employee's performance appraisal except A. a factory worker's level of output. B. number of units sold for a salesperson.C. a ranking system for an office worker. D. batting average for a baseball player. E. shooting percentage for a basketball player. 7. The major reason for forming a labor union is that A. a group has more clout with management than an individual. B. management always listens to groups. C. unions are good social groups. D. unions are socialistic. E. unions force employers to hire too many people. 8. To achieve its objectives, management may use A. boycotts. B. strikes. C. lockouts. D. picketing. E. all of the above. 9. June works at McDonald's twenty hours per week as a grill operator.She will probably be paid with which of the following compensation methods? A. Commission. B. Time wages. C. Piece wages. D. A bonus. E. A salary. 10. When Sandy Smith moved to a new job that involved more responsibility and an increase in compensation, she received a A. transfer. B. demotion. C. lateral move. D. horizontal move. E. promotion. 11. When William Wilson became a father he began to look for household items that were safe for use around young children. His new perspective is related to his A. over-protectiveness. B. motivation. C. social class. D. reference groups. E. time utility. 12.After analyzing its own resources and unique abilities, a company is now trying to determine what group of customers it can satisfy with a good or service. It is in the process of choosing a A. production strategy. B. target market. C. sales plan. D. geographical region. E. product line. 13. When an organization hauls canned goods from the manufacturer to grocery stores, it is involved with which marketing function? A. Buying B. Selling C. Transporting D. Storing E. Grading 14. If a company markets to a segment of people who have a certain lifestyle, the type of segmentatio n being used is A. behavioristic. B. geographic. C. topographic.D. psychographic. E. demographic. 15. XYZ Inc. is surveying customers as to what kinds of services they would like the company to add. It is involved in the marketing function of A. buying. B. storing. C. financing. D. marketing research. E. risk taking. 16. Which of the marketing mix elements is the least flexible? A. Manufacturing B. Product C. Price D. Promotion E. Distribution 17. Many people incorrectly equate promotion with A. advertising. B. selling. C. pricing. D. product designing. E. distribution. 18. Which of the following involves the physical handling and movement of products in warehouse operations and in transportation?A. inventory planning and control B. transportation C. warehousing D. materials handling E. physical distribution 19. The financial value placed on an object involved in an exchange is A. the price. B. the discount. C. comparable value. D. negotiated value. E. nominal value. 20. Industrial products such as lumber, cotton, and iron are classified as A. major equipment. B. supplies. C. accessory equipment. D. raw materials. E. component parts. Bus20 – Exam III Review – Ch 10-13 Key 1. (p. 300) B 2. (p. 304) C 3. (p. 296-297) D 4. (p. 296) C 5. (p. 302) D 6. (p. 330) C 7. (p. 340) A 8. (p. 342) C 9. (p. 335) B 10. (p. 332) E 1. (p. 378-379) D 12. (p. 369) B 13. (p. 365) C 14. (p. 373) D 15. (p. 365) D 16. (p. 408) E 17. (p. 409) A 18. (p. 408) D 19. (p. 399) A 20. (p. 392) D Bus20 – Exam III Review – Ch 10-13 Summary Category|# of Questions| AACSB: Reflective Thinking|20| Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension|9| Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge|11| Difficulty: Easy|4| Difficulty: Hard|4| Difficulty: Medium|12| Ferrell – Chapter 10|5| Ferrell – Chapter 11|5| Ferrell – Chapter 12|5| Ferrell – Chapter 13|5| Learning Objective: 1|3| Learning Objective: 2|4| Learning Objective: 3|4| Learning Objective: 4|5| Learning Objective: 5|2| Learning Objective: 6|2|

Friday, August 30, 2019

Native American culture Essay

From the 15th to 19th century the European colonization affected the Native American culture in many ways, such as diseases, war, and enslavement. Many diseases such as smallpox and measles were the main cause of the decline in the Native American population more so than war. Although they seemed to destroy Native American culture, they also improved it by trade. The Native American way of life changed after trading with the Europeans. At first Native Americans wanted metal products, which they couldn’t make themselves, such as axe-heads and knives. Later they realized the value of guns. Having guns and horses completely changed the way Native Americans hunted for food. Also in the 15th century Spaniards and other Europeans brought horses to the Americas. Some of these animals escaped and began to breed and increase their numbers in the wild. The introduction of the horse had a profound impact on Native American culture in the Great Plains of North America. This new mode of travel made it possible for some tribes to greatly expand their territories, exchange goods with neighboring tribes, and more easily capture game. In the 19th century, the Westward expansion of the United States incrementally expelled large numbers of Native Americans from vast areas of their territory, either by forcing them into marginal lands farther and farther west, or by outright massacres. Under President Andrew Jackson, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act of 1830, which forced the Five Civilized Tribes from the east onto western reservations, primarily to take their land for settlement. The forced migration was marked by great hardship and many deaths. Its route is known as the Trail of Tears. Conflicts broke out between U. S. forces and many different tribes. Authorities entered numerous treaties during this period, but later abrogated many for various reasons. Well-known military engagements include the atypical Native American victory at the Battle of Little Bighorn in 1876, and the massacre of Native Americans at Wounded Knee in 1890. On January 31, 1876 the United States government ordered all remaining Native Americans to move into reservations or reserves. This, together with the near-extinction of the American Bison, which many tribes had lived on, set about the downturn of Prairie Culture that had developed around the use of the horse for hunting, travel and trading. Students at the Bismark Indian School in the early 20th century American policy toward Native Americans have been an evolving process. In the late nineteenth century reformers in efforts to civilize Indians adapted the practice of educating native children in Indian Boarding Schools. These schools, which were primarily run by Christians, proved traumatic to Indian children, who were forbidden to speak their native languages, taught Christianity instead of their native religions and in numerous other ways forced to abandon their Indian identity and adopt European-American culture, despite many of the practices being in violation of clauses of the U. S. Constitution separating church and state. There are also many documented cases of sexual, physical and mental abuses occurring at these schools. Many other attempts were made to deprive the American Indians of their culture, language, and religious beliefs, some of which are reported to continue into current times. Therefore the European colonists destroyed the Native American culture, from their first encounter in the 15th century all the way through the early 20th century. From diseases and warfare to eventually moving Native Americans from their natural territories, the Europeans started a extermination of the Americans that were Native to this supposed new world.

Thursday, August 29, 2019

Media Bias Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Media Bias - Research Paper Example The first step in challenging biased news coverage is documenting bias. Here are some questions to ask yourself about newspaper, TV and radio news (Thiere 50). Political coverage often focuses on how issues affect politicians or corporate executives rather than those directly affected by the issue. For example, many stories on parental notification of abortion emphasized the "tough choice" confronting male politicians while quoting no women under 18--those with the most at stake in the debate. Economics coverage usually looks at how events impact stockholders rather than workers or consumers (Thiere 50). [The bias] is not the result of a vast left-wing conspiracy [there is] an unconscious â€Å"groupthink† mentality that taints news coverage and allows only one side of a debate to receive a fair hearing. When that happens, the truth suffers. A reporter’s job is to present a balanced story. As you read, listen to and watch news stories, you probably already notice stories that you think are biased. To see if they really are biased, you need to determine if the story falls into at least one of the several forms in which bias oc curs (Fahri). There are several types of bias. To start with is bias by omission: For every news story that is selected, there are many others that are left out. Do the news stories you see show a balanced view of real life? What are the characteristics they have in common? (e.g., are they mostly about violence, famous people, and wealth?) Do some news sources include items that are ignored by others? (Fahri) The other form of bias is bias by emphasis: What stories are on the front page or â€Å"at the top of the hour?† Which stories get the largest headlines or the first and longest coverage on TV or radio? Consider how this placement influences people’s sense of what is important. Bias by use of languages when the use of labels such as â€Å"terrorist,† â€Å"revolutionary,† or â€Å"freedom fighter†

Wednesday, August 28, 2019

Crime Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Crime - Assignment Example The Supreme Court argued that based on the school administrators say, they needed to maintain discipline and order at school. T.L.O possession of cigarettes was enough to determine if she was truthful as she was caught in the bathroom and then taken to the office. That was reasonable to assume that there were cigarettes in her purse. The deputy principal, therefore, had enough reasons to suspect rules had been broken prompting a search immediately. As deputy principal searched for the cigarettes, he noted the evidence for drugs was in plain view. A condition where the evidence is in plain view gives an exception to the Fourth Amendment. The reasonable search for drugs led to discovery of drug related materials. The search further continued to reveal the cigarette rolling papers and the bag of marijuana (Bosher, Cate & Richards 3-5). The case followed the constitutional requirements where personal rights particularly the Fourth Amendment should not be violated and at the same time social order is maintained. Following the right procedures with bring sanity to school environments. Bosher, William C., Kate R. Kaminski, and Richard S. Vacca. The school law handbook what every leader needs to know. Alexandria, Va.: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 2004.

Tuesday, August 27, 2019

Article the First Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Article the First - Essay Example Nevertheless, the congress representative succeeded in 1791 when a three-quarters majority ratified the Bill of Rights to become the law guiding the nation (Publishing & Duignan, 2013). Although this was a major breakthrough in the US history as far as constitutional reforms are concerned, the congress failed to ratify Article the First, which became the center for debate owing to the varying reactions elicited by the divided Congress on the matter. Article the First was a proposed amendment to the constitution of the United Sates whereby it sought to determine both the minimum and the maximum number of representatives at the US hose of Congress (Vile, 2012). As a federalist, one would support Article the First of the Constitution of the US, owing to the democratic space that America enjoys today due to liberal laws besides the fact that this amendment would change history in that more American citizens would feel represented and participate fully in an all-inclusive government. In 1 789, the American representatives of the House of congress were involved in hectic constitutional amendment procedures that saw some articles incorporated into the bill of Rights that formed the constitution of the United States (Vile, 2012). However, some contentious articles did not make it to the constitution following the strong opposition to them by the antifederalists. In this regard, Article the First, which came to be the first proposed amendment to the constitution of the United States of America, did not pass the ratification test although its proponents particularly the federalists pushed hard for its ratification (Vile, 2010). Also known as the congressional Appointment Amendment, Article the First was the first, as the name suggests, of the twelve amendments that the first congress delivered on 25th September 1789 (Publishing & Duignan, 2013). In accordance to Article V of the constitution of the United Sates, the first congress submitted Article the First for ratificat ion. However, the state legislatures failed to ratify the article despite the fact that they ratifies many other articles that became the Bill or Rights that formed the constitution of the United States of America (Vile, 2012). Fundamentally, the major framework o Article the First entailed the setting of the size of representatives of the House of Congress whereby the maximum and the minimum number of Congress representatives was clearly determined by the article (Publishing & Duignan, 2013). In this case, the article contemplated a scenario whereby one Congress Representative would represent thirty thousand American citizens until the total number of representatives would reach one hundred. Thereafter, it would be the responsibility of the congress to regulate the number of representatives so as not to go below one hundred. In this regard, Wolverton (2013) reports that the Bill of Rights envisaged that: After the first enumeration required by the first article of the Constitution, there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand, until the number shall amount to one hundred, after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall be not less than one hundred Representatives, nor

Monday, August 26, 2019

ASSIGNMENT IN CHEMISTRY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ASSIGNMENT IN CHEMISTRY - Essay Example At that time, the equilibrium mixture was quickly cooled in an ice bath and analyzed where the amount of A remaining was found to be 0.04 moles. b. What was the purpose of the ice bath The ice bath is used to lower the temperature of the mixture. Alcohols and esters are volatile substances and higher temperature will volatilize the said substances and might lead to analytical errors. a. the pressure is increased - According to Le Chatelier, the position of equilibrium will move in such a way as to counteract the change in pressure. That means that the position of equilibrium will move so that the pressure is reduced again. Pressure is caused by gas molecules hitting the sides of their container. The more molecules you have in the container, the higher the pressure will be. The system can reduce the pressure by reacting in such a way as to produce fewer molecules. In this case, there is 1 molecule on the left-hand side of the equation, and 2 on the right. Increasing the pressure on a gas reaction shifts the position of equilibrium towards the side with fewer molecules. In this case towards the reverse reaction. b. the temperature is increased - According to Le Chatelier, the position of equilibrium will move in such a way as to counteract the change. ... Alcohols and esters are volatile substances and higher temperature will volatilize the said substances and might lead to analytical errors. c. Give an expression for the equilibrium constant for the reaction and calculate a numerical value from the data provided. K = [CH3COOCH3] [H2O] / [CH3COOH] [CH3OH] = [.04 moles x 80] [.04 moles x 20] / [.04 moles 64] [.04 moles x 36] = [3.2] [0.8] / [2.56] [1.44] = 0.6944 d. Why is the volume not given (or not important in this instance) Volume is not given because it will not make any significant difference in the concentration of the substances present. 3. When Nitrogen (1 mole) and Hydrogen (3 moles) react at constant temperature at a pressure of 5 x 10 ^6 Pa, the equilibrium mixture was found to contain 0.6 moles of ammonia. a. Calculate mole fractions of all species involved at equilibrium. N2 + 3H2 2 NH3 Mole fraction of N2 = 1- .06 moles = 0.94 / 5.74 = 0.1638 Mole fraction of H2 = 3 (1-.06 moles) = 3.6 / 5.74 = 0.6272 Mole fraction of NH3 = 2 (0.6) = 1.2 / 5.74 = 0.2090 b. Calculate partial pressure of all species involved at equilibrium. Pressure = 5 x 10^6 Pa PN2 = 0.94 RT/V PH2 = 3.6 RT/V PNH3 = 1.2 RT/V c. Calculate Kp = [pNH3]^2 / [pN2] [pH2]^3 4. Gaseous phosphorous(V) Chloride dissociates reversibly as shown below : PCl5 (g) PCl3 (g) + Cl2 (g) H = +ve Use Le Chatelier's Principle to state and explain the effect on the position of the equilibrium when: a. the pressure is increased - According to Le Chatelier, the position of equilibrium will move in such a way as to counteract the change in pressure. That means that the position of equilibrium will move so that the pressure is reduced again. Pressure

Sunday, August 25, 2019

Internet-Based Company and IT Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Internet-Based Company and IT Systems - Essay Example For instance, Google recently introduced "Google My Business," a platform that gives companies the opportunity to interact with customers. The company uses this application to interact with customers. The "Google My Business" integrates a variety of tools, such as Google Maps, Search, Hangouts, Insights and Google +. These tools allow business to manage their online presence at once (Nassivera, 2014). Through My Business, companies can manage information and respond faster to customer reviews. Additionally, the service enables businesses to have easy access to data about customers and their engagements. This implies that businesses using the IT tool are able to engage easily with their customers and respond faster to their queries, thereby helping build better customer relations. My Business tool also enables companies to add photos and videos about their businesses and respond to customer reviews with a lot of ease. Moreover, companies using the My Business are able to connect to customers through Google Hangout and Google+, thereby helping companies interact better with their customers (Nassivera, 2014). In the end, the companies are able to maintain close contact with customers thereby helping build a better customer relation and loyalty. Nassivera, J. (2014, June 12). Google introduces My Business service to improve company and customer relationship. HNGN, p. 1

Saturday, August 24, 2019

The two Industrial Revolutions on the World Essay

The two Industrial Revolutions on the World - Essay Example It was merely because of fewer taxes required to begin business. It is therefore, increased development was observed during the industrial revolution. As far as the second industrial revolution is concerned, it was marked that socially people were able to come own properties. It is a fact that has not been discussed by the previous economists. More stress was laid on the fact that there were fewer people who were able to take up business opportunities where owners had a grasp of larger volume of the market. Politically people became aware of their rights since technological advancement brought various mediums for communications. The flow of communication became strong to an extent where people became quite aware of their opportunities and responsibilities. The aspect or the concept of the community became considerably significant because of the industrial revolution. It was the same era when most of the societies if the world was undergoing financial downturn. Majority of the European societies including Great Britain were able to resist the economic burden because of the economic

Friday, August 23, 2019

Introduction to business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Introduction to business - Essay Example Models are not only used to describe the current position and functioning of the entity but also the future position and the share that the company wants to achieve in the long run. The type of model that the organization adopts will go a long way to determine how the customers relate with the organization, how the employees are motivated and also how possible is it for the company to meet its long term plans. Different business models and theories have been adopted by various leaders in the management of their organizations. One of these business theory and models is the human relations theory. This theory is mostly concerned with the human factor in the company, leadership and the motivation of the workers (Heron, 1993). This theory assumes that both the employer and the employee are social beings and can relate on a common ground. This is also based on the assumption that the employer was so much concerned with the employee behavior at the work place. The level to which the organi zation is going to meet its objectives depends so much on the general perception of the employees and their general attitude towards work. The human relation theory also makes an assumption that how well the people’s needs are put into consideration, the better they are able to perform in their places of work. People naturally want someone who will be there for them and by the management showing concern about their needs is a way of giving them more reason to be proud and identify with the organization. The theorists who came up with this model suggested that to a given level, the managers could predict the behavior of their employees at the work place. This theory is mainly concerned with employee motivation and general satisfaction at work (Heron, 1993, p. 242). Different categories of people are motivated differently according to human relations theory. Rational- economical man is the type of employee who is motivated by being let to exercise those things that are of self interest but at the same time taking full advantage of the gains that come up in the organization. The second class of the employee is the social man who is motivated by being allowed some social time and allowed to be part of the groups in the organization. This type of employee will be motivated by even those things that are considered not as important to other people, for example, being allowed some time to go on a company trip or even a short business vacation where he is to meet other people. The self-actualization man, according to human relations theory, is motivated by those things that will help him to feel fulfilled as an individual. These things are like any advancements or achievements that the employee achieves and is recognized for them by the company. The management can motivate this employee by allowing him to be free and support any innovative ideas that he may come up with. The fourth type of individual is the complex man and as the name suggests, this employee is not easy to understand and he may stand for different things at different times. This man is motivated by understanding his needs personally and or as a group and trying your best to satisfy them in the best way possible. The human relation theory is a theory that applies so much in the day to day running of many businesses because many firms are concerned with productivity and this is achieved by making sure that the employees, who are directly concerned with this production are well catered for their

Racial Disparities in Correction Populations Essay

Racial Disparities in Correction Populations - Essay Example The above information, if given with critical analysis could be used to strongly prove that racial disparities in correction populations exist in the US justice system. It is important to dig on this issue because this could entirely create a significant impact on the US justice system, not only on its national and federal context, but on the entire international setting. The US, as a primary advanced and influential nation on earth, should always ensure it has substantially showed the appropriate example in all aspects especially for humanitarian cause. After all, there is a negative meaning associated with racial disparities and this could be enough at some point to remarkably refute the remarkable image of the US towards fairness in dealing with justice. There are varying opinions and even substantial justifications in line with racial disparities. The proof of these can be considered through various researches and other related studies that could potentially create meaningful ins ights about racial disparities in general. ... Justice systems employ important legal concerns. These legal acts encompass the society, and eventually groups of people. Race involves group of people so it is eventually a social group which is subject of a social construct and that it can only be refined to function well if there is prevailing justice system. Racial disparity therefore is about â€Å"unfair, unjust, unequal or unnecessary care or treatment of group of people† which can be evidently observed through the association of their race with whatever case confronting them (Loue & Sajatovic 2011, p.1260). Correctional populations defined There are varying existing definitions or concepts about correctional populations. However, in the context of the discussion in the prevailing justice system in the United States, the following are individuals that should be considered who belong to the correctional populations: they are incarcerated individuals either in prison, jail or supervised by the community that could be eith er probation or parole (Bureau of Justice Statistics 2012). Correctional populations therefore are composed of groups of people who have to face punishment or consequences of their acts as interpreted and justified by the final authority of the justice system. Evidences of racial disparities in correctional populations There are varying evidences of racial disparities in correctional populations and basically this can be illustrated by understanding the percentage of racial groups represented in a certain population, the number of individuals of a racial or minority groups that are integral parts of the criminal justice system, and many more (Walker,

Thursday, August 22, 2019

Evaluating Truth And Validity Exercise Essay Example for Free

Evaluating Truth And Validity Exercise Essay The argument â€Å"a mature person is self-directing, so parents who make all their children’s for them are doing their offspring a disservice† has allot of validity to it, and in more ways than one is true. A child whose parents or guardians make all of his or her decisions for them, are in a way hindering the child because the child does not have the opportunity to think for himself. When that child grows up and needs to be able to make important decisions such as what college to go to, who to marry, or what kind of job to apply for, that child will more likely than not, not know how to properly decide based on the information or facts provided to him or her. For instance if a child grows up and is faced with what college to go to and that child has never had to make any important decision for himself, that child may end up in a college going after a degree program that is not truly what he or she wants to do with their life based on what his or her parent tell them they should go into. That child has then wasted four to five years of his or her life and has to start all over searching for the proper degree or job where he or she can thrive financially and be happy. There is a minute percent of children who will be able to overcome the mentality of not having to think on his or her own and be able to make the important decisions that need to be made, but at what price? How many times will that child have to make the wrong choice and suffer because they were not allowed to think on their own? The constant failure and rejection could possibly make matters worse for the child, and could lead to relinquishing all hope. The argument â€Å"the Bible can’t be relevant to today’s problems; it was written many centuries ago and is filled with archaic phrasing† is another argument with some validity and non-validity. There are people who claim since the Bible was written over 2,000 years ago that it does not apply to today’s standards, and there are people who say the teachings in the Bible  are meant for all people to follow as a general guideline. The argument can go either way, but if you look at what the Bible really is, it is a book with stories, such as a history book, about people who lived 2,000 plus years ago and the things they went through. If you were to say because it was written back a long time ago it does not apply to today’s standards, would be the same thing as saying because our history books teach about Abraham Lincoln and when he lived in the 1700’s, that those stories are irrelevant. The Bible is a book for Christian based people to read, and is intended as a guideline for these people on how to properly live their life. There are many stories in the Bible that may or may not apply to today’s standards, such as the Old Testament teachings, but that is not to say the entire Bible is not relevant to today’s problems. The Bible teaches not to kill and steal, and if 90 percent of people who are in prison followed these two teachings, they would not be in prison today. The other stories about the people who lived in the Bible days are interesting to some, and not to others, as are most history books ever written about the history of the world. Does this mean we need to stop teaching our children about the history of the world because the teachings in the history books occurred over three centuries ago? I think it just because the Bible represents a faith based book, and that is why it is so ridiculed. The argument â€Å"it’s ridiculous to think that there will be fewer deaths if we ban handguns. Handguns don’t kill people; people kill people† has no validity to it in that an actual handgun itself cannot do anything on its own, it is an inanimate object. A handgun or any other type of gun requires a person to physically pick it up, point, and shoot in order to make it operate; a handgun cannot just fire on its own. When people say that handguns kill people, it is the same as saying that a spoon made another person fat, or a car made another person steal it. These are objects that must have an operator or some sort of life force to operate these inanimate objects. Did handguns assist in the killing of a person is a more proper question to ask. If a person wants another person dead and there is not a handgun around, that person will be creative and come up with another means to kill that person. Take John Wayne Gacy for instance, he did not need the use of a handgun to murder hundreds of young boys, he used rope and scarfs  to strangle his victims. There are people who claim without handguns certain crimes would not take place, and that may be possible, but if the person wanting to perform the crime was adamant on doing it and did not have a gun, that person would use alternative measures to finish the crime.

Wednesday, August 21, 2019

Tone And Diction In Poetry

Tone And Diction In Poetry Analyzing poetry begins with carefully weighing the words and considering every nuance. Tone and diction are two poetic devices to take into account. Tone refers to the attitude or mood conveyed by the poem, while diction refers to word choice and word order. When you read a poem on the page, grasping the tone can be tricky-after all, you cant actually hear the poets voice. So, you need to pay attention to context and connotation. Identifying loaded words can help you decipher the tone. Diction can also help you understand the poems tone. Word choice affects meaning and also determines the sound of the poem. Sound, in turn, contributes its emotional effect. SCREEN 2: Tone in Poetry A poems tone can be defined as the attitude expressed toward its subject. Tone isnt stated directly: you have to analyze the language carefully to grasp it. You can decipher tone in several ways. Youll need to read the poem more than once. First, read the poem to understand its content. Is the poem about an event? Or does it describe a feeling? Does it consider a social problem? Identifying the basic content will help you determine the tone. A poem about discrimination, for example, might be expected to have a dejected or angry tone, while a poem about childhood may have a happy, carefree tone. But those simple assumptions arent always the case. The poet might be using tone to convey more complex meaning. So, reread the poem and ask yourself, Who is speaking in this poem? and Who is the speaker talking to? Your answers will give you a sense of the relationship between the speaker and the reader, and between the speaker and the subject. Is the speaker very close to the action, even immersed in it? Or sitting back and contemplating it? These different positions could give the poem a very different tone. SCREEN 3: After youve identified the poems subject and the speaker, consider how the poems word choice and structure relates to its subject matter. Meter (rhythm), imagery, metaphor, allusion, and diction all contribute to the tone. For example, a quick beat and steady rhyme pattern usually conveys a happy, or lively, tone. Remember, poems about the same subject can have different tones. For example, a poem about graduating high school might have a joyous tone when written by someone who cant wait to get to college, be independent, and experience the world. A person who didnt get accepted into the college that shed aspired to for years might write a poem with an angry or sarcastic tone, expressing a sense of being cheated. Closely considering the language and form of the poem will help you catch the nuances of tone in poems that might otherwise seem similar. SCREEN 4 After youve identified the poems subject and the speaker, consider how the poems word choice and structure relates to its subject matter. Meter (rhythm), imagery, metaphor, allusion, and diction all contribute to the tone. For example, a quick beat and steady rhyme pattern usually conveys a happy, or lively, tone. Remember, poems about the same subject can have different tones. For example, a poem about graduating high school might have a joyous tone when written by someone who cant wait to get to college, be independent, and experience the world. A person who didnt get accepted into the college that shed aspired to for years might write a poem with an angry or sarcastic tone, expressing a sense of being cheated. Closely considering the language and form of the poem will help you catch the nuances of tone in poems that might otherwise seem similar. SCREEN 5 Funeral Blues W. H. Auden wrote Funeral Blues in 1938, but this poem about a loved ones death became famous in 1994 when actor John Hannah recited it in the movie Four Weddings and a Funeral. Watch Hannahs performance, and then read Funeral Blues closely. Auden used tone to enrich this poems meaning. The first stanzas tone is one of sorrowful anger. The speaker uses commands, such as stop, prevent, and silence. He angrily demands that the noise of everyday life cease, so that he can reflect on his loss. Only the low sound of a muffled drum at the funeral is tolerable. The tone shifts from anger to despair as the speaker moves into more effusive sentences. He insists that the whole world, machines and nature, grieve with him: airplanes should moan, and white doves should wear black. SCREEN 6 The third stanza of Funeral Blues has a more reflective and melancholy tone. The speaker shares what the man he lost meant to him. He repeats the word my nine times, emphasizing the fact that this man was everything to him-his compass in life and the inspiration for his work. This stanza ends with a key line in the poem: I thought that love would last for ever: I was wrong. The single-syllable words plod steadily to the concluding word, wrong, that devastates the speaker. In the final stanza, the speakers tone is bitter. If he has lost this man forever, then all life in the universe should end too. Once again, the speaker uses curt commands, this time to tear apart those elements that sustain life: Pack up the moon and dismantle the sun; Pour away the ocean and sweep up the wood. The tone Auden creates in Funeral Blues-whether it is interpreted as sorrow, anger, bitterness, or love-is effective because it creates a powerful emotion in the audience. We grieve along with the speaker, even though we dont know the unnamed man who meant so much to him. SCREEN 7 The American poet Marge Piercys poem Barbie Doll also seems to be about death, but the poems main subject is something else: societys devaluation of girls and women. Read Piercys Barbie Doll and think about its tone. In the first stanza, the tone is dismissive and infantilizing. The girl is called a girl-child, an indistinguishable female member of a species, not a person with a name. She is born as usual, as if there were nothing to be celebrated in the birth of a baby girl. The phrase did pee-pee is baby-talk, suggesting girls are forever babies. In the next stanza, notice how the speaker describes the girls positive traits in a direct, objective list. The speaker doesnt inject emotion into the description, rather just states the actual facts, implying that they were clear for all to see. But society could care less, and ignores her positive attributes because she wasnt pretty. The tone is one of icy objectivity, even perhaps, cold fury. SCREEN 8 Probably the most dominant tone is one of sarcasm, however. Sarcasm threads through the poem, first appearing in the phrase the magic of puberty in the first stanza. Puberty is typically a hard transition, not a time of wondrous transformation as the word magic suggests. And for this girl, cruelly told she is ugly-well, some magic! In the final stanza, the same girl who was told she was flawed with a big nose and fat legs, is called pretty as she lays cold and still in her coffin, with the undertakers cosmetics on her lifeless face. The line Consummation at last continues the heavy sarcasm and also lends the poem a tone of anger. The word consummation evokes societys ultimate goal for women, to find a husband, and ironically equates it with death. Lesson Activity Self-Checked Read Piercys Whats That Smell in the Kitchen. Then compare this poem to Barbie Doll in 150-200 words, answering the questions in the Tone in Poetry section of the Lesson Activities. SCREEN9 For the American poet Robert Frost, tone was very important. He said, Its tone Im in love with; thats what poetry is, tone. Frost believed that tone conveyed the art in poetry. He called himself an ear reader, not an eye reader. He interpreted the meaning of what he read by how it sounded to him. This is reflected in his own poems, which come to life in the readers auditory imagination. Frost used tone to make his poems interesting, or as he said himself, Youve got to get dramatic. Read the poem A Patch of Old Snow to see how he shifts tone to create a sense of drama. The first six lines describe a patch of old, melting snow. The tone is one of nonchalance: this bit of snow is barely worth noticing, just a blown away scrap in a corner. Once a symbol of winters beauty, the snow is now as unimportant as yesterdays discarded newspaper. In the last two lines, however, theres a shift in tone. The speaker catches himself short with a dash: The news of a day Ive forgotten/If I ever read it. His attention is suddenly captured by the irony of old news. The voice might even drop when reading If I ever read it. While people may read the newspaper diligently every day, even todays seemingly stunning news is as temporal and unimportant as a patch of melting snow. This sudden shift in the tone in the last two lines mocks how transient a persons interest is. Lesson Activity Teacher-Graded Read Frosts poem The Pasture, and then answer the questions under Tone in Poetry in the Teacher-Graded section of the activities sheet. SCREEN 10 Diction in Poetry In the poems you just analyzed, did you notice how tone can be determined by the word choice and word order? This is diction, or the vocabulary that a poet uses-basically the poets linguistic style. Compare these ways of describing a confused state of mind: He knew not what to do, and he had no clue what to do. While the first is formal and perhaps pretentious, the other is plainspoken. A poems tone is also affected by altering the word order; for example, a poet might change She went down to the riverside in her dark mood, to Down to the riverside, dark in mood, she went to give the line a more dramatic and foreboding tone. The diction a poet chooses can also depend on the poems context. For example, when describing the death of a heroic warrior, a poet might use the dramatic He breathed his last in the arms of his beloved, over the straightforward He died in his lovers arms. SCREEN 11 Now take a look at some examples of how poets vary diction in their poems to convey their thoughts and feelings. Read the English poet Andrew Marvells To His Coy Mistress and note the kind of diction the speaker uses to address his beloved. By describing his love in terms of world geography (by the Ganges side) and Biblical history (ten years before the Flood), the speaker attempts to impress her with the vastness and depth of his devotion. The mention of the Ganges River in India also suggests that her beauty is exotic. The words should and would, repeated many times and indicating action that might happen, convey a sense of languor in the first stanza. But in the third stanza, the speaker urgently tries to persuade her to give in to his advances, using active verbs such as sport, devour, and tear.The diction creates a tone of ardent entreaty. Lesson Activity Self-Checked Go to the Diction in Poetry activity in the Self-Checked section and experiment with diction as directed. SCREEN 12 Lets look at a very different example of the role of diction in poetry. With just a few well-chosen words, the twentieth century African-American poet Gwendolyn Brooks powerfully conveys the bravado of a group of young boys. Listen to or read Gwendolyn Brooks We Real Cool, which is about a group of kids skipping school. In this poem, Brooks uses the slang we real cool, instead of the grammatically correct we are really cool to convey the teenagers attitude. Brooks uses the collective we, instead of the singular I, to communicate that the speakers of the poem are a group of teenagers. The word we is also used to show their solidarity to each other. This word depicts their reliance on their group identity, since these teenagers havent developed their own individual identities yet and are overly influenced by their peers. SCREEN 13 In the poem, Gwendolyn Brooks uses the precise diction to mimic unrefined teenagers, and successfully conveys their seeming toughness while in truth they are insecure and defensive. She keeps the poem short to indicate their limited vocabulary and limited self-awareness. These teenagers are rebels without a cause. The poet herself said that the we of We real cool, is to be said softly to show their uncertainty. Listen to what Brooks says about the poem just before she recites it to understand how the poems diction helps establish the desired tone. Did you also notice how the diction of this poem seems to echo jazz sounds? The repetitive alliterations in the lines (We lurk late, We strike straight, We sing sin, We Jazz June) give it a musical quality, and the shortness of the words and lines have a percussive effect, like when cymbals in a jazz band crash. Lesson Activity Not Assessed Read more about how to use diction effectively in poetry. Then go to your Lesson Activities and write a short poem of your own in the Not Assessed section. SCREEN 14 Tone, Diction, and Meaning Youve seen how analyzing diction helps you identify a poems tone and understand its meaning. Now, read John Keatss poem This Living Hand, and think about how the tone is conveyed through its diction. This Living Hand has a mournful, realistic tone. If you analyze the poem closely, youll notice that certain words such as cold,tomb, and icy evoke death and create a strong tone of dread. When Keats wrote this poem, he knew he was dying. This poem was, in fact, the last poem Keats ever wrote. He died when he was just 26. The speaker is accepting death as inevitable, but is unhappy about a life not completely lived and is resentful of those who will live full lives, as is obvious from the lines, So haunt thy days and chill thy dreaming nights, That thou wouldst wish thine own heart dry of blood, So in my veins red life might stream again. The speaker faces death, and makes readers face it too, with his outstretched hand. SCREEN 15 Just as its possible to identify a poems tone and understand its meaning from the diction, its also possible to alter the poems tone and meaning by changing the diction. Read Robert Brownings Pippas Song. This poem has a peppy tone, which comes through words like morn and spring, and particularly the last lines Gods in His heaven,/ Alls right with the world! If you were to change certain words in this poem, though, you would invert the poems tone and meaning. For example, changing spring to winter, or at the morn to at dusk could help create a dark, gloomy tone. Lesson Activity Teacher-Graded Read Edgar Allan Poes poem A Dream Within a Dream and write a 250- to 300-word essay as instructed in the Tone, Diction, and Meaning section of the Teacher-Graded Activities. Lesson Activity Self-Checked Listen to or read Brookss We Real Cool again. Go to the Tone, Diction, and Meaning section of the Self-Checked Activities and rewrite this poem as directed. SCREEN 16 Summary The French poet, playwright, and filmmaker Jean Cocteau once said, The poet doesnt invent. He listens. And thats what you, as a reader, need to do when analyzing a poems tone and diction. If tone conveys the mood and attitude of a poem, diction helps create the tone. To analyze tone, you need to understand diction. You also need to figure out who the poems speaker is, to whom is it addressed, and what the poems central concern and context is. For example, you may miss the irony in Robert Frosts A Patch of Old Snow and the bravado in Gwendolyn Brookss We Real Cool if you dont read the poems closely.

Tuesday, August 20, 2019

Fordism and Post-Fordism: Concepts of Capitalism

Fordism and Post-Fordism: Concepts of Capitalism Understanding Dawn Dusk:  The Evolution of Capitalism from the Perspectives of Fordism and Post-Fordism. The pursuit of profit was not a science born perfect. Instead, as one technological or organizational invention after another led to ever increasing rates of incremental improvement in the efficiency and effectiveness of the enterprise. These improvements either reduced the cost structure, increased the market demand or both. It was just such an ‘incremental’ improvement in the early twentieth century that led Henry Ford and his Model T to begin an era of ‘namesake’ capitalism that dominated until the 1980’s and persists even today. The methods that began the period of capitalism known as Fordism was not so much just the additional of an assembly line but rather a line that moved to the worker rather that the other way around. This technology of this method was not new, having been utilized in Chicago slaughterhouses since at least the 1890’s but it was the first time that it have been used on such a scale to consumer goods with the end effect of making the automobile affordable. Perhaps even more importantly, the application of this method to automobile production, enabled the use of additional organizational technologies to be deployed. For example, bottlenecks and other production issues could be readily identified and solved and it became possible for a smaller number of managers to ‘control’ the output of a larger group of workers (Grint, 1991, p. 294-295; Clarke, 1992, p. 17). Because of the organizational paradigm shift, these methods were quickly and successfully adopted at other companies in a many different industries. Together, changes introduced in technology and management paved the way to broader sociological changes. At the heart of these was the rise of â€Å"management† as controlling influence upon workers. While Taylorism implemented strict measures of control and efficiency to the workers, the organizational impact of Fordism harnessed individual productivity back into the firm. In some ways, practices at the Ford Motor Company were quite progressive such as his â€Å"Five Dollar Day† policy by which workers were paid for their time. While significant from a labor perspective, it also merits commented on based on the fact that this was compensation. Not just â€Å"pay† but rather compensation for becoming a cog in a wheel and a so-called ‘factor of production’ under somewhat harsh conditions. While some might consider Ford to be generous to pay his employees so a sum, others might not that it could also be viewed as a particularly shrewd means to decrease absenteeism, work interruptions, poor quality and perhaps most importantly, as a means to fend off interest in trade unionization by workers. In fact, once instituted, the results were dramatic as the following were observed, â€Å"absenteeism fell from 10% to less than 0.5% turnover fell from nearly 400% to less than 15%. productivity rose so dramatically that despite the doubling of wages and shortening of the workday production costs fell† (Clarke, 1992, pp. 20-21). With regards to organization and sociological implication, in the past, the dominant method of work was the â€Å"craftsman† who was a skilled worker and spent [his] time on creating specialized and unique projects and the family was, in a sense the primary economic unit of production (Pietrykowski, 1999, p. 191). Ford needed relatively few craftsmen but rather he needed many comparatively unskilled workers that were willing to submit to Tayloristic-type management in exchange for â€Å"†¦regularly rising wages†¦ as well as general guarantees of employment security† (Freidman 2000, p. 60). The widespread employment of an emerging American middle class by a growing number of large, vertically integrated oligopolistic firms bred the beginning of mass production. With ever increasing levels of productivity as a result of newer technologies and greater organizational control, more goods were produced at even lower cost levels. Not surprisingly, in return, this bro ught about new levels of mass consumption of mass-produced products by the burgeoning ranks of the working class (Friedman, 2000, pp. 59-60). This produced a cycle that was both self-reinforcing and self-entrenching. As the system of Fordism perpetuated itself, it began to create a bit of a monster. Almost by definition, Fordism is epitomized and stereotyped by very large corporations. For example, General Motors, employing the same tactics as Ford (General Motorism does not have quite the ring to it of Fordism), became the largest corporation in world in the 1950’s to the extent that this one firm had a macroeconomic impact on the US gross national product (think of Wal-Mart today with over $250,000,000,000 in annual sales). These companies that made their profits on economies of scale on the consumption of goods that were mass-produced and mass-consumed until they hit a bit of a ‘speed bump’ in the 1970’s. These speed bumps took on the form of a number of historical events as well as growing trends. For example, the oil crisis of the 1970’s, a wheat shortage and unrest among organized labor groups in addition to a â€Å"saturation of the market in consumer dur ables† let to the beginning of the end of what had came to be known as the Fordism era. The economy-wide, these changes were greatest for the types of companies that profited most from the technological and organizational developments that created them. Thus, the changes for ‘big’ corporate America came about through the combined phenomena of changes in markets and changes in labor, ironic but fitting as the very things that made them were undoing them, or, at least, causing them to learn to re-make themselves as conditions changed (Pietrykowski, 1999, p. 181). As America consumers had consumed about all they could, firms began to logically seek out new markets such as Latin America, Asia or European regions that had yet to be hardly touched with regards to US produced consumer goods. This globalization of business introduced a number of ‘new’ concepts to US firms. Perhaps most importantly, that simply selling the same widget may not be a path to profit. Interestingly enough, the corporate giant General Motors, in the now ubiquitous tale, was one of the first to discover this lesson as management noticed very disappointing sales for the Chevrolet Nova automobile south of the US border. Only later did they learn that â€Å"No va† exactly translates to â€Å"no go†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ a hard but valuable lesson as America goes global. Within the borders of the US, it was not that consumers no longer wanted to make purchases, rather, they wanted new products. Listening to the market was not a strength of the Fordist system. As Henry Ford himself said in regards to the Model T, â€Å"†¦ any color you want, as long as its black†, mass production was not noted for being flexible. The idea of flexibility became central to the emergence of what has come to be known as the post-Fordism era. â€Å"Flexibility† is reflected in post-Fordism in a number of ways. In regards to employment, in an effort to cope with changes in demand, corporations began to turn to the notion of flexible employment arrangements in order to avoid the high fixed costs of maintaining a large workforce in times of low demand. This was reflected by a small, core workforce that was supplemented by subcontractors and part-time workers and, temporary workers, if needed (Pietrykowski, 1999, p. 183). This is much in contrast to the masses of employees who, either through the employer or the Union, operated on the premise of life-time employment. Another means by which post-Fordism employed the concept of flexibity in employment was the introduction of ideas such as ‘cross-training’. Rather than having a one person – one specific job mantra, the new era of productivity espoused employees who were trained to do any number of tasks. This flexible functionality in production employees was adopted by companies with the idea of being able to adapt faster to changing demand and by employees in order to enrich jobs and to gain increased employment security (Pietrykowski, 1999, p. 187); Grint, 1991, pp. 296-297). In addition, firms began to outsource non-core functions such as cleaning or security in order to achieve lower costs and reduce the size of bureaucracies often accompanying large companies (Friedman 2000, p. 71). Overall, the change in markets and market pressures as well as the shifts in labor strategies that began to be noticeable in the 1970’s, marked the transition of the dominance of a few oligopolistic firms from a half century reign of mass-production to the current period of ‘mass customization’. Seemingly at odds with one another, the terms â€Å"mass customization† reveal an dynamic tension that is as evident on the factory floor and is in the market place. As technologies emerged that made it possible to store and analyze large amounts of data collided with the ability to precisely control manufacturing processes, the reality of being able to cost effectively introduced customer-requested variances in the processes of production heralded the birth of mass customization. In stark contrast to a ‘one-option’ Model T, General Motors, Ford and Chrysler (the ‘Big 3’) offered a plethora of models and options ranging from color, upholstery and interior appointments, engines, transmissions and more all for largely the same cost as one ‘off the rack’. This flexibility is easily reflected by a conversation with any US person over age 25 when asked what ordering anything but a ‘stock cheeseburger’ was like in the eighties. Now, the experience is much different with Burger King even going to far as to adopt the slogan, â€Å"We do it your way.† While mass customization continues to grow and flourish, mass production is not dead by any means but continues to be redefined in ways that â€Å"modify traditional [Fordism] relationships between capital and labor† (Pietrykowski 1999, p. 194). At the heart of Fordism is the congruence between large, vertically integrated firms competing in oligopolistic markets by striving for cost efficiencies through mass production principles. In contrast, post-Fordism is a combined economy / method that makes great use of the ability to deliver relatively customized goods on a large scale by using multi-skilled workers in firm that is strives to be market-sensitive so as to be able match demand (Friedman 2000, pp. 59-60). Though in many ways Fordism and post-Fordism could be viewed as being antagonistic to one another, by understanding the progression of early management styles and the accomplishments in productivity achieved, the idea that one is the necessary precursor to the other can not be overlooked. And so, in seeking greater understand of these concepts as periods of time during which there is a changing of dominant paradigms, the analogy of â€Å"night and day† is not so appropriate as perhaps â€Å"dawn and dusk† in that they are two perspectives on the same entity of the path to profitability. Works Consulted Clarke, S. (1992). â€Å"What in the F‘s Name is Fordism†. Fordism and Flexibility. (Gilbert, N., Burrows, R., Pollert, A., eds.). St. Martins Press: New York, New York. Friedman, A. (2000). â€Å"Microregulation and Post-Fordism: Critique and Development of Regulation Theory†. New Political Economy, (5), 1, pp. 59-76. Grint, K. (1991). The Sociology of Work. Polity Press: Cambridge, UK. Pietrykowski, B. (1999, June). â€Å"Beyond the Fordist/Post-Fordist Dichotomy: Working Through The Second Industrial Divide†. Review of Social Economy, (LVII), 2, pp. 177-198.

Monday, August 19, 2019

Photography Essay -- Essays Papers

Photography Photography is more than just a means for documentation. Photography is more than snap shots at a family reunion. A fine art photographer makes more choices than people realize. Point and click is not the solution for taking a photograph (John Szarkowski 9-12) . A fine art photographer may choose to freeze action or to blur it. The freezing or blurring of action is not just done at the push of a button, it takes knowledge and an understanding of how apertures and shutter speeds relate to each other under different circumstances with different types of film (Barbara London and John Upton 98). Art or not, photography is a creative process. Another characteristic that sets apart photography fine artist compared to the rest of the world’s photographers is larger negative sizes (Henry Horenstein 181). Most fine art photographers use medium and large format (Antonia LoSopio 7-8). Every photographer that uses a medium or large format camera is not a fine artists by any means, yet most average photographers don’t have a desire to shell out $5,000 for a medium format camera, nor do people want to take the time that a larger camera requires. I personally have spent up to four hours just composing the frame with a large format camera before I even used one piece of film. Also medium format and large format film cannot be processed at any one-hour photo booth. Most people don’t want to pay the prices of a professional lab, and the average photographer doesn’t see the differences from a pro-lab and a regular one-hour photo booth, even though the difference is substantial. Fine Art photographers do not merely take photographs at random either. Fine art photographers... ...or a low lighting situation (Barbara London and John Upton 132) To counteract the graininess of some films there are fine grain developers. In addition to the special developers there are different ways to dilute the chemicals for more efficiency (Horenstein 56-66). Fine grain developers will help to sharpen pictures but at the cost of tonal range, the middle grays will become less abundant, this is sometimes desirable. If the fine grain developer is diluted the middle gray tones will return but sharpness will be sacrificed (Barbara London and John Upton 133). None of this is very noticeable until the images are enlarged considerably large, but the change still happens. When most photographs that are hung in museums are quite large, so many can view the same image at the same time, the change from the regular to fine grain developer is significant.

Sunday, August 18, 2019

Creating Letterheads with Microsoft Word :: Businesses Sales Letterheads Essays

Creating Letterheads with Microsoft Word What you will write under this heading is the equivalent of the feasibility study which looks at the existing business practice and the problems associated with it. You should describe in general terms what the new system should achieve and consider whether the existing system can be modified. Estimate the time scale for completing the project. Who is the "real" user? Graham Richardson owns a garage and is opening two more branches his letter headed paper is out of date so he needs to create a new letterhead with Microsoft word What is the current problem? You are about to open 2 more braches. The owners need new headed letters showing the details of all branches. The letters are also rather out of date so this is a perfect opportunity to update their image. I must include company name, logo, new addresses, telephone/fax umbers(s) and E-mail address. Why has this problem arisen? The problem has arisen because he has two more new branches opening and they are using old letter heads and thier images are old were they don't use computers much. What is the objective or user requirement for this project? They will need new letter heads and maybe some business cards. What are the different ways this problem could be solved? Send it to a printer or use desktop publishing What is the best way to solve the problem and why? The best way to solve the problem is by using Microsoft Word. Microsoft Word is the best word processor to use for letter heads. The disadvantage is the use of the paper. so to save money print one off and photocopy the rest. The advantages is you can save you work and edit the work without starting again and money so that you don't have to send it to the printer. What is your estimated time scale for implementation? 4 weeks ======= Objectives? =========== Ø Save 70% of storage space by saving documents on a hard-drive and not having to photocopy everything and file it away. =================================================================== Ø Start sacking people because you won't need them anymore. =========================================================== Ø To start using E-mail because it is quicker and you can add documents and pictures and it's a lot more reliable. This will save money as well. Ø ANALYSE ========= The purpose of this stage is to break the problem down into small parts and to plan each part in detail so you have all the information you need ready to move on to the design stage. What information do I need to gather and where will it come from? I will need to gather contact details, to design a logo and make an

Saturday, August 17, 2019

Eskimo Pie

Eskimo Pie Case Part 1 â€Å"As an advisor to Reynolds, would you recommend the sale to Nestle or the proposed IPO? † Subpoints: 1. The managers of Eskimo Pie wanted to find an alternative to Nestle’s acquisition offer for one main reason: Eskimo pie would lose its independence. If Nestle went through with the acquisition, Eskimo would not continue its tradition of being a stand-alone company in Richmond with this meaning that its headquarters and management staff would probably be replaced too.Fundamentally, Eskimo was reluctant to being acquired by Nestle because it felt it would be an aggressive takeover of the company. It would ruin a 70-year long business to take advantage of its tax conditions and it would probably transform the business similar to a traditional integrated manufacturing and marketing approach. 2. David Clark knew that Goldman Sachs had a long-standing relationship with both Reynolds and Nestle. This meant that GS had a conflict of interest in this acquisition.The solution that would best satisfy GS’s interests would be to sell Eskimo to Nestle but this might not be the best solution for Eskimo. So David Clark is dealing with Wheat First Securities instead of Goldman Sachs because he wanted to find an alternative to Nestle’s offer. Since Wheat First Securities had no long-standing relationship with neither Reynolds nor Nestle, it had no conflict of interest in this acquisition. It could see with more objectiveness which acquisition is the best for Eskimo.Furthermore David had personal interest in dealing with WFS because his own position could be put at risk by a Nestle acquisition. 3. IPO alternative: Bulls| Bears| * Good IPO market conditions, in terms of number of deals and value| * No exploitation of possible synergies with competitors, confirmed by Nestle as the major bidder| * Updated forecasts containing results (Sales, Net Income, Capex) better than expected| * Timing – an IPO offer would take a l onger time than a private sale| * Proceeds from the sale at least equal to Nestle’s offer in the worst hypothesis ($14 share rice)| * Uncertainty – related to price and future market conditions| * Less complications- no terms, provisions, negotiations, or compromises| * Lack of expertise of Wheat First Securities| * Social Benefits – saving a local company and jobs| | * Reynold would be able to get liquidity| | Part 2 1. Considering the DFCF model with the projections of Wheat First and growth of FCF of 5%, the equity value of the firm is $47. 286 million. Thus the offer from Nestle of $61 million is appealing for Reynolds, aiming to sell the company.Also the proceeds from the IPO proposed by the management and Wheat First Securities are able to adequately compensate Reynolds. Assuming a price range within $14 – $16, the net proceeds for Reynolds would be $51. 652 and $57. 230 respectively, still higher than the considered equity value. As a matter of fac t the private sale to Nestle is still the most convenient to Reynolds. 2. To value Eskimo Pie using multiples method we should decide whether to use the transaction multiple, available from the Drumstick deal, or business and market based multiples. The implied value on sales from Drumstick transaction can be used to assess the value of the company only if the two companies and deals are significantly comparable. In this case accurate information are not available and the peculiar business model of Eskimo Pie, based on licensing, makes this method not highly reliable. * Multiples based on business and market data imply the use of realized or projected values. The management of Eskimo Pie forecasts higher sales in the future years, thus using realized data to calculate the value of the company could lead to mispricing.Therefore the information of 1991 is used to implement the method. * Looking at comparable companies, two firms are operating in the same business, Empire of Carolina, Inc. and Steve's Homemade Ice Cream. Since multiples based on operating measures such as EBIT or EBITDA depend less on firm leverage and cash than those based on Earnings and we have relevant information available from those two companies, multiples like EV/EBITDA or Firm Value/EBIT seems to be most accurate. Considering the calculations in Exhibit 7 based on the Firm Value/EBIT multiple, Reynolds should sell Eskimo Pie for an amount not less than $56. 68 million. The offer from Nestle is consistent with this valuation of the company, whilst the proceeds from the IPO are sufficient to adequately compensate Reynolds only if the share price is higher than $15. 66. Notwithstanding, if we take into account the implied price using the P/E multiple or transaction multiple, the threshold to sell the company is even higher ($82. 891 and $73. 200 respectively). Thus, neither the IPO option nor the Nestle offer are appealing to Reynolds. 3. The theory says that multiples only work if the comp arison group is sufficiently comparable in all other respects.In order to know if we could use other companies’ multiples or the average of them we must see if they are sufficiently comparable to Eskimo, in other words we must see if the value drivers of the firms are approximately the same. The eligible companies in terms of business model and structure are Empire of Carolina, Inc. and Steve’s Homemade because they both market ice cream and license their formula. All the other companies having a different business model and structure will not be taken into consideration as comparable companies.As a first comparable driver we will use the operating profit margin. Eskimo has a 6,83% operating profit margin calculated on data of 1990 (exhibit 1). Carolina and Steve instead have respectively 15,38% and 11,11% operating profit margins. This tells us that†¦ The tax rate is the same for all companies therefore it is not a relevant driver in making a choice on which comp arable company to use. Since we don’t have the cost of capital and the cost of debt, we will compare the risk class and leverage among the considered companies.We can see that Carolina and Steve have very different risk classes, one is a C and the other is a BBB, Eskimo on the other hand is a BBB because to calculate the WACC we used a cost of debt correspondent to long-term bond in the BBB risk class. So this means that†¦ The leverage of the three companies are 0,07 (Eskimo), 0,08 (Steve) and 1,747 (Carolina). Carolina has a very high leverage because its debt is more than 1,5 times its equity, instead the other two have a debt which is inferior to their equity.So even if the two companies have similar business models, through a deeper analysis we found that Eskimo is effectively similar to Steve but very different respect to Carolina. Steve has a closer operating margin to Eskimo’s than Carolina. It also is in the same risk class, and its leverage is alligned wi th Eskimo’s. Carolina on the other hand has more than double of Eskimo’s operating margin. Its in a riskier class and its leverage is much higher than Eskimo’s. Therefore it was correct to use Steve’s Homemade Ice Cream as a comparable company.The only case in which we would use an average, instead, would be if the two companies were both very similar to Eskimo. 4. The fact that DFCF approach gives a lower value for the company than multiples-based approaches depends on market drivers. In particular, the case can be that the DFCF model implies a WACC that does not reflect the cost of capital and implied risk perceived by the market. As a matter of fact the market overvalues future growth opportunities, leading to high multiples on EBIT and Earnings.

Of Mice and Men Emotions

In the following essay I will be writing about and exploring what emotions Steinbeck conveys in his novella ‘of mice and men’. The novella was the second of Steinbeck’s ‘dustbowl’ trilogy. These books were based on Steinbeck’s own first hand experience against the back drop of depression-era America where he became concerned with the exploitation of migrant workers and exposing the institutionalized prejudices ( racism, ageism and sexism) of the migrant workers themselves, hence the trilogy.The novella shows an effective state of consciousness in which joy, fear, sorrow and hate is experienced as distinguished from cognitive and volitional state of consciousness. The main theme/ emotion that are conveyed are loneliness. Steinbeck uses many different linguistic language techniques to depict this. These include: adverbs, speech verbs, imperative verbs, adjectives, abstract nouns, rhetorical questions and many more. However the opening of the nove lla displays a bond of friendship and mutual understanding shown by George and lennie.Steinbeck writes â€Å"he pulled his hat down a little more over his eyes the way George’s hat was. † Our immediate interpretation is that Lennie looks up to George as a role model, the quote â€Å"way George’s hat was† infers that Lennie looks up to George as someone who can guide him and teach him much like a younger brother’s attitude would be towards an older sibling. Steinbeck writes â€Å"Lennie looked timidly over to him. â€Å"George? † â€Å"Yeah, what ya want? † â€Å"Where we goin’ George? †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â€Å"So you forgot that already did you? † this implies that without George, Lennie would be hopeless and would get no where because he would always be lost. When Lennie says â€Å"where we goin’† he sounds slightly worried, this will be because he knows that George will get angry at him because he is constan tly having to remind him on the objective. The word â€Å"already† suggests that Lennie is always forgetting things and George is getting more and more fed up. The adverb â€Å"timidly† implies that George often gets angry with Lennie and now Lennie has learnt to approach him differently when he is angry so he won’t get as upset.This implies their friendship is strong as they know how to approach each other showing an almost brotherly relationship. This also depicts Georges frustration and anger towards lennie however, unlike other migrant workers at the time, it does not come from the face the he is lonely and isolated but because of the fact the he someone there for him that he can talk to. George says â€Å"where the hell would you go? † the fact that this question is rhetorical shows that George knows that it’s an empty threat.However the taboo language â€Å"hell† gives the impression that George is slightly apprehensive and not entirel y convinced. This shows the worry and compassion that he has for lennie, and also showing that not only can lennie not cope without George but George cannot cope without lennie. Steinbeck’s purpose was to show George and Lennie’s bond of friendship and how unlike other migrant workers, their negative emotions does not stem from the fact that they are lonely and isolated but the fact there is a companionship and the sense of a bond between them, showing how strong their bond of friendship really is.

Friday, August 16, 2019

Engineering codes of ethics, case scenarios, and societies that enforce them Essay

Ethics can be defined as a branch within the wider field of philosophy whose main concern is addressing the issue of morality. Morality as a concept seeks to justify actions as good or bad, right or wrong and whether such actions are justified and virtuous. Ethics in itself is divided into many categories which normally vary to suit the issue at hand. From a general perspective, ethics can be widely grouped into theoretical and practical ethics. The theoretical aspect is concerned with theoretical meanings of moral propositions and the manner in which their truth values can be ascertained. The practical aspect of ethics seeks to address the possibility of achieving moral outcomes in a given situation (Luegenbiehl, 2003). Engineering ethics in this context is part of applied ethics that is skewed towards the examination and the setting of standards concerning the duty of an engineer to the general public, how they should attend to their clients, their duty to their employer, and their obligation towards enhancing and maintaining the moral integrity of the engineering profession. Engineering as a profession is very diverse in terms of the possible branches one can venture into. This diversity make some of the engineering fields share only very limited principles. While most of these disciplines tend to complement each other, these engineers are bound to work in different environments. As such there cannot be a unifying code of ethics for the whole engineering fraternity. Ethical codes in this profession are largely dependent on the exact field of specialization and the jurisdiction of practice. Another factor that comes into play is whether an engineer is providing consultancy service to his clients or the engineer is an employee of a given manufacturing enterprise (Colby & Sullivan, 2008). In most countries, the engineers who attend to their clients are normally referred to as professional engineers and are usually licensed. They abide by codes that ensure professional ethics and to a larger extent governed by a number of statutes. Their counterparts who practice in the manufacturing industry have to abide by certain laws, key among them being whistle blowing and also the law of product liability. Their practice leans more towards business ethics as compared to engineering ethics. Professional engineers are usually in private practice and are always responsible for drafting some of the codes of ethics that govern their profession. Engineers who practice in the industrial sector do not enjoy accreditation by the relevant government agencies. It is an arguable fact that despite the field and sector of practice, these engineers face similar ethical issues. Similar in the sense that they share the same root causes but only change slightly in form depending on the discipline and the sector of practice (Luegenbiehl, 2003). Engineering societies have for a long time drafted their own codes of ethics. These codes of ethics have undergone a series of refinement over time in a bid to make them more viable to overcoming ethical issues. Such codes of ethics usually act as general guidelines since ethical issues are very diverse and as such some of these codes have to be adjusted to suit the situation at hand. In the United Kingdom, a notable example is the ‘Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE)’, which chose to incorporate its ethical codes into the standards of conduct. The code of ethics in engineering basically seeks to ensure the wellbeing of the public, the clients in the case of a professional engineer, the employer for the engineers who practice in the industry, and for the enhancement of the moral integrity of the engineering profession (Colby & Sullivan, 2008). Any engineering profession is susceptible to a number of risks some of which may be detrimental to a wider section of the population. With this risk in mind, the first aim of an engineer is to ensure the safety and health, not only of the general public but also for themselves and their workmates. Engineers are required to subscribe to principles that ensure sustainable development in the course of their undertakings. Since the engineering profession is very diverse, an engineer who may be very competent in his field of specialization may not be able to achieve much in another line of engineering. For most of the engineering societies around the world, there are basic ethical codes that they seem to share in common. A code of ethics in the field of engineering always restricts engineers to stick to their areas of specialization. This is to avoid exposing himself and the general public to the imminent danger. An engineer is required to speak the truth on the technical aspects of a job and maintain a professional relationship with the employer or his client. Conflict of interest is a sure way to compromise and as such should always be avoided by an engineer. An engineer is supposed to safeguard the integrity and the interest of the engineering profession. In as much as an engineer is supposed to advance career wise, they have an obligation of ensuring professional growth for their juniors. According to the law of whistle blowing, an engineer is more obliged to safety than he is to the client or to his employer. This law requires the engineer to report cases where their employers or clients fail to follow their directions and in the process are exposing the public to potential danger. In some instances, some the relevant authorities fail to take action and this may end up in the engineer going public (Luegenbiehl, 2003). The most notable cases of disaster in the field of engineering have been caused by both technical and ethical issues. While some of these accidents have been due to technical aspects and design inadequacies, others have been due to inefficient management culture. Some of the cases that have been established to have an ethical dimension on their occurrence include the Chernobyl disaster, Bhopal disaster, Boston molasses accident, Johnstown Flood, just to mention but a few (Pfatteicher, 2001). Chernobyl disaster was an incident that took place in Ukraine, and it involved the meltdown in a nuclear reactor plant. This accident was to a larger extent blamed on human error. The personnel were blamed for using a limited ‘operational reactivity margin. ’ The disaster caused to the people living within the neighbourhood was immense in gravity and most of the effects were of a long term nature. The mental health of the people was extremely affected; cases of cancer were later reported to be rampant in the area. All these effects came about due to the irradiation of the area by radioactive material. The workers were also affected with more than thirty losing their lives within a span of three months from the time of occurrence of the disaster. An advisory group that was later formed to look into the cause of this disaster blamed the people who were responsible for the design of the power plant. They failed to consider certain pertinent aspects of the design which could have prevented such an occurrence or which could have ensured that the accident did not proceed to reach the level it did. It was realized that in the course of preparation and subsequent testing of turbine generators, it was done without the incorporation of systems that were responsible for technical protection. This was viewed to have been a breach of the safety provisions that were required for the actual technical exercise (Pfatteicher, 2001). Some of the most outstanding organizations that are concerned with engineering ethics include the ‘Institute of Civil Engineers (ICE)’ in the United Kingdom, the ‘Canadian Society for Professional Engineers,’ and the ‘National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE)’ which have been seen to be championing for the upholding of ethical practices within the engineering field. The reasons for their establishments are to ensure that engineers in private practice, the government and in the manufacturing sector are able to subscribe to a common code of ethics within a given jurisdiction. Such bodies have certain punitive measures to their members in cases where ethics appear to have been sidelined in making decisions. To ensure that engineers adhere to such codes set by these organizations, it is mandatory to be registered with certain bodies within given jurisdictions to practice as an engineer (Haws, 2001). There has been a general drift towards formulating an all encompassing code of ethics for all engineers throughout the world. This has been noted by the fact that the codes formulated by most societies throughout the world appear to be having certain similarities. While this appears to be a very noble idea, some room and allowances will have to be allowed to accommodate the different cultures in the world. It is deemed that developing a set of common ethical codes and supplementing it with additional entries that regard the cultural setting and the exact field of specialization within engineering. The codes should be set out in such a manner that no confusion can be reported within a given jurisdiction (Luegenbiehl, 2003). References: Colby, A. , & Sullivan, W. M. 2008, â€Å"Ethics Teaching in Undergraduate Engineering Education. † Journal of Engineering Education, Vol. 97. Haws, D. R. 2001, â€Å"Ethics Instruction in Engineering Education: a (Mini) Meta-analysis. † Journal of Engineering Education, Vol. 90. Luegenbiehl, H. C. 2003, Themes for an International Code of Engineering Ethics. Retrieved on 9th February 2010, from: . Pfatteicher, S. K. , 2001, â€Å"Teaching Vs. Preaching: Ec2000 and the Engineering Ethics Dilemma. † Journal of Engineering Education, Vol. 90.

Thursday, August 15, 2019

Happy the Man

â€Å"Happy The Man† by John Dryden John Dryden was born on 9 August in 1631 in a small town in Northamptonshire, England, the eldest of 14 children, was an influential English poet, literary critic, translator, and playwright who dominated the literary life of Restoration England to such a point that the period came to be known in literary circles as the Age of Dryden. Walter Scott called him â€Å"Glorious John. â€Å"[1] He was made Poet Laureate in 1668. As a humanist public school, Westminster maintained a curriculum which trained pupils in the art of rhetoric and the presentation of arguments for both sides of a given issue.This is a skill which would remain with Dryden and influence his later writing and thinking, as much of it displays these dialectical patterns. The Westminster curriculum also included weekly translation assignments which developed Dryden’s capacity for assimilation. This was also to be exhibited in his later works. In 1650 Dryden went up to Trinity College, Cambridge.. Dryden died on April 30, 1700. Happy the Man is sublime in its brevity in defining happiness. It’s a short poem as compared to many of the larger writings of Glorious John, as Walter Scott called him.Yet, it encompasses some eternal truths for personal happiness. What a fantastic line:   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Not Heaven itself upon the past has power†Ã¢â‚¬â€how   many people spend valuable time worrying, regretting, fretting and wishing they could change the past? The things you’ve done or failed to do already can’t be changed, but the future is yours to shape. John Dryden is trying to explain that his life has been lived and he is happy with what he has done all his life and evn if there are something’s in his past he cannot change and even if the future isn’t so good he is still happy ,he did everything .Everything he has done he had enjoyed and he is still enjoying to this day . He is happy . I have had my hour ,means he has lived his life . Work toward living each day to the fullest and owning your disappointments and failures as much as your successes – â€Å"†¦fill the unforgiving minute with sixty seconds’ worth of distance run,† for a life that won’t leave you thinking only about the past, but rather always pushing on toward a brighter future. Notice how all of the end-of-couplet rhymes are end-stopped. Notice, besides that, how all of the lines are end-stopped.Compare this to Thomas Middleton’s Verse of just a generation or so before. They make Middleton look like an Allen Ginsberg. Notice also, especially with Dryden, how you can extract any one of his couplets and they will more or less make a complete syntactical unit. One tender Sigh of hers to see me languish, Will more than pay the price of my past anguish: The verse is regular Iambic Pentameter with some variant, trochaic first feet. Don’t be fooled by the following line, which some might read as follows: I can die |with her,|| but not live | without her:Here’s how Dryden means us to read it: I can | die with | her, but | not live | without her: When reading poetry, especially, from this period, always try to read with the meter. The last thing to notice about Dryden’s poem is that, despite the tightly laced poetry, this poem is about sex, sex, sex. The meter itself! Every single line ending is a feminine ending – a sort of metrical double entendre. Every rhyme of the poem is a feminine rhyme (otherwise known as a multiple rhyme) – en-deavor/leave her; please us/seize us. It is chalk full of pornographic double-entendres.Don’t be fooled by the straight-laced formality of the poetry from this period. Some of the most depraved, erotic and sexual poetry ever written comes from this period. Dryden use of tone in the first stanza tricks the reader into believing that the essence of the poem is about his love for his girlfriend or maybe h is wife; but it is much deeper than that. The last line of that stanza goes into what is to come of the nature of the poem. Furthermore the second stanza when considering the word usage further conveys the real theme.So whats the theme or the subject. line 7 â€Å"Beware, O cruel fair how you smile on me†. The occasion in stanza one begins with the attraction he has with this woman then in stanza two it develops into the moment he has with this woman. This is noted by the use of line1,2,3 â€Å" Love has in store for me one happy minute†, â€Å"Then no day void of bliss, or pleasure leaving†, â€Å"Ages shall slide away without perceiving. â€Å"One Happy Moment† by John Dryden because it exemplify the emotions felt by the speaker, yet at the same time it views and feelings on the . Their situations and settings were that he was losing their lovers and feeling the agony of the moment. In both poems the speaker is anguished at the prospect: â€Å"I can d ie with her, but not live without her. † (Dryden, Line 4)The speaker then comes to the conclusion that the only way to avoid the issue is a solution unfavored by all: â€Å"I cannot live with you-it would be life. . . †, â€Å"I could not die-with you. . . † (Dickinson, Lines 1-2, 13) In Dickinson’s case it is necessary, in Dryden’s case it is the only choice left.

Wednesday, August 14, 2019

Keynesian Economics Essay

The application of the Keynesian theory of economics has been a long standing controversy between the conservatives and the liberal factions of the American political, social, and economic fronts. Despite the controversy, Keynesianism has evidently influenced economic policies in the United States since the Second World War. This essay explains the impact of Keynesian Economics on fiscal policy in the United States. First, the author will briefly detail the provisions of the Keynesian economic theory. Some examples of recent policy actions that represent attempts at using Keynesian principles in the US are also given. Keynesian theory of economics describe a normal economy as one marked with high employment levels and normal spending by individuals in the society, a factor which leads to continuous circulation of money in the economic (Mankiw). According to him, shaking the confidence of the consumers to the economy forces them to save their income as a way of weathering the economic hardship. Failed flow of consumer money into the economy prompts the supplies to hoard their money (Mankiw). This causes a vicious circle where everybody is not willing to spend their money, thus risking an economic recession. In order to resolve this economic crisis, Keynesian Economics calls for the central bank to engage in expanding and contracting money supply in the market (Rigdon, et al 67). According Keynes, when the government pumps more bills to the people, their confidence in the economy is boosted, forcing them to increasing their expenditure, thus reinstating the normal circular flow of money in the economy. This theory has found its widespread use in controlling the American economy. This is first evident in the common practice by the Federal Reserve Bank of buying government debt from commercial banks which increases the amount of money these banks can lend (Bardes, Shelley, and Schmidt 71). Another impact of the Keynesian Economics in America is the move by the government to reduce credit requirements for commercial banks. This allows the banks to generate more money from its operations. Still, the Federal Reserve Bank can reduce it lending rates to commercial banks thus allowing them to lend more money (Bardes, Shelley, and Schmidt 76). All these serve to increase the amount of money in commercial banks, a factor which enhancing its lending capacity. On the other hand, to contract the flow of money in the economy, the Federal Reserve Bank will increase its selling of US debt, increase credit requirement, and lending rates to commercial banks (Bardes, Shelley, and Schmidt 104). This limits the lending ability by commercial banks. This is what is commonly referred to as countercyclical policies as they contradict the direction of the business system to ensure a balance of the economy. Available literature indicates that through contracting and expanding of money supply by the Federal Reserve Bank, the American economy has managed to survive an economic depression of same magnitude as the Great Depression of the 1930s (Rigdon, et al 67). This information claim that America has sailed through nine recessions during the twentieth century without any going to a depression. Such recessions include those of 1960-61, 1973-75, 1980-83, and 1990-92. Thus, economic control in the American nation employs the Keynesian Economic theory as the government gives the Federal Reserve Board the mandate to balance the economy through the discretionary monetary policy (Rigdon, et al 89). There are a number of examples of recent policy actions by the American government that represent attempts at using Keynesian principles. The Obama administration entered offices in the midst of an economic recession that had seen an increase in the rate of unemployment among the Americans to an estimated 8%. In a move to restore the economy, the government engaged in pumping significant amount taxpayer money. This move was aimed at limiting the level of unemployment to below 8% (Bardes, Shelley, and Schmidt 123). Such was in line with the Keynesian economic theory which claims that in a recession crisis, the government should expand money supply to enhance consumer confidence in the economy, thus reestablish the cyclic flow of money into the economic. However, this economic stimulus did less than to worsen the unemployment rates in the nation to about 10% by January 2009 (Rigdon, et al 71). The government has nevertheless defended this move claiming that the stimulus was too small to significantly revive the deep recession that had impacted on the American economy. Due to this reason, the Obama administration seeks approval for a second economic stimulus. The failure of this fiscal policy has been blamed for taking for granted the dilemma between government spending and reduction of tax as viable approaches to economic recovery. Critics of increased government spending in a short time it ineffective given the complex process of approval and reliable implementation compared to tax reduction. In conclusion, Keynesian economics has greatly influenced fiscal policy actions in the US since after the second. This is the model that is thanked by many for the economic prosperity since the postwar era. However, employing this theory in developing a fiscal policy should be based on a clear analysis of the most viable approach of combination of approaches to take. Such include; increasing government spending, reducing tax, and/or reducing prime lending rates. Works cited Bardes, Barbara, Shelley, Mack, & Schmidt, Steffen. American Government and Politics Today, 2008, Brief Edition. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning, 2009. Mankiw, Gregory. â€Å"The Reincarnation of Keynesian Economics. † The Reincarnation of Keynesian Economics. Oct. 1991. 12 Aug. 2010. Rigdon, Susan, et al. Understanding American Government. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning, 2009.