Conversation Analysis In A Real Conversation English Language Essay

converse Analysis In A Real chat English dustup EssayIn the previous chapter, word analysis has been discussed. In this chapter, we ar going to talk closely parley analysis, which is one of the approaches to analyze discourse.8.1.1 What is Conversation Analysis?People argon interested in thought how social interaction work. Linguists disc over the ways in which how social interaction be organized, they tried to signalise and analyze those features appe ard in converse they use scientific methods to examine the phenomena. Conversation Analysis is a imperious study established by the Ameri sens pioneers, Harvey Sacks, Emanuel A. Schegloff, and Gail Jefferson.According to Hutchby and Wooffitt (2008), how is a normal communication organized, how do muckle arrange their conversation in daily social interaction, and what is the role of conversation in between separately participants, ar the major subject matter of this chapter.8.1.2 Why do we submit Conversation Analysi s?Conversation analysis represents a methodological approach to the study of social communication (Psathas, 1995). At the fundamental level, conversation analysis is the study of talk. It studies the natural and au thitherforetic conversation in real life situations, especially to adjudicate braid-taking organization, close up and kettle of fishing problem, sequence of annotations and transcription.The term interaction could apply to numbers of social encounters. For instance, a teacher chatting with students in a staff room is one kind of interaction others included a doctor enquire patient for the illnesses, a professor att finish uping to a formal academic exchange meeting, or a woman chit-chat with the shop-keeper during she buys veget opens at the supermarket, and in that respect are dozens of characters showing that people are tangled in unalike contexts of conversation.8.1.3 Maxims of ConversationIn the field of linguistics, as yet to a greater extent specifically in the area of pragmatics and discourse analysis, scholar introduced an important concept maxims of conversation. It is the unwritten rules that govern people to make an appropriate conversation.The basic comment of Grices cooperative principle govern how people ordinarily react in conversations Be true, be brief, be relevant and be clear.8.2.1 Turn-taking Organization in ConversationTurn-taking is one of the most critical and noticeable aspects of informal structure. Harvey Sacks (1995), who the founder of the conversational analytical system, hold the view that the basic small unit of the conversation is frolic. We are going to look at some fundamental features about stoops (or floors) in tack together to discover how turns merchant ship be allocated.Furtherto a greater extent, in a normal, polite, Western-styled conversation, participants do not keep on speaking all the time, as to demonstrates patience, cooperation, social etiquette in a conversation, they leave wait for their turn to speak.Liddicoat (2007) demod that verbalisers keep changing in a conversation when A is destroyed, it is Bs turn to talk. Consequently when B has finished speaking, A take turn again.8.2.2 How does turn-taking works?Schegloff, Sacks Jefferson (1974) introduced a set of turn-taking rules for people who involved in conversation can manage turn variation and turn allocation easily. The turn-taking rules are set for distinguishing who should take the turn at the next transition relevance place (TRP).A transition-relevance place (TRP) takes place at the completion of an utterance it is the change-of-turn place (Wang, 2011).The turn-taking rules are ordered as the followingIf a verbaliser is selected by the current speaker, thus that speaker mustiness take the turn at the next transition relevance place. utilisationgenus Venus Where should we go now, turn left or turn right?Winnie.Winnie Er I dont know, I am sorry.In this situation, A pass the turn to B by asking a question.If, however, no next speaker is selected, then any other participant in the conversation whitethorn self-select to take the role and start speaking. exampleVenus Where should we go now, turn left or turn right?Hailey I know.Venus Yes? Hailey.Hailey uhI suppose we should turn left.If no other speaker self-selects to take the role, the current speaker whitethorn then continue to talk again. physical exertionVenus Which is the correct direction to go, left or right?Winnie, Joanna, Hailey (Silence)Venus No one knows?Venus uh Ok, turn right then.Speakers pull up stakes indicate their go awayingness to stop by utilise signals, such(prenominal) as turning their gaze to mortal in the conversation, or employ proboscis languages and gestures, in order to stop and let others continue. Also, they may soften their speech, lengthen the last syllable of a sentence or use some discourse markers e.g. you know, as you see or sort of things etc. If certain markers are showed by the cur rent speaker, another participant will then take over the conversation. at that place are cardinal types of signals or markers.Implicit markersMost of the time, people use body languages, sometimes prosodic features such as falling tone and rising tone can withal be used.Example 1 fool you noticed that?Example 2 Cant you see the dolphin?Explicit markersThese are opposite kinds of linguistic features to invite people give response.a) Suggestion Turn-taking by making some suggestions.ExampleShall we go to Lamma Island on this Tuesday?b) Request Current speaker may make a request the others.ExampleCould you revel tell me about your journey?c) Question Current speaker will asks question in order to draws people attention and encourage others to get involved.ExampleWe go to Barcelona in the coming Easter, what do you think, loved?8.2.3 Gaps and Overlaps in Turn-takingJerfferson (1983) spend a penny proposed some of the organizational features of gaps and overlapping. As we menti oned before, turn-taking can be visibly signaled by using body languages and gestures, however, it can also be marked by overlapping (Hutchby Wooffitt, 1998 Schegloff, Sacks Jefferson, 1974).If two or more people are speaking at the same time, overlapping will occur when the next speaker start talking when the current speaker has just completed a thought only, provided allay decide to continue (Schegloff, Sacks Jefferson 1974).Gaps may be treated as signs of trouble, for example, that the upcoming turn such as disagreements and improves (Levinson, 1983). Gaps in conversation occur very frequently, such as telephone conversation.Example 1Joanna Well, will you service of process me for these.Hailey I certainly will give you a hand.Example 2Hailey Why dont you move into and join me tonight at the party.Winnie Sure, I would like to.When the next speaker self-selects at a transition-relevance place, but a current speaker would like to add additional information into the complete d utterance, overlaps will also occur.Example 3Hailey That was a romantic weekend, uh..Ven- Venus.Venus Im glad you enjoyed your time.Example 4Winnie The party should be around seven or soVenus Well, do you earn an extra bed atyour place?8.3 refinesAs Schegloff (1979) said, Repair is defined as the mechanism by which trouble in speaking, hearing, and consciousness is claimed and resolved.8.3.1 Different kinds of conversation refugeRepair can be classified by who initiates fall mainstay, such as self or other, and by who solves them, such as self or other (Wikipedia Conversation Analysis, n. d.). Repair therefore can be divided into four types. They are self-initiated self repair, other-initiated self repair, self-initiated other repair and other-initiated other repair.8.3.1.1 Self-initiated self repairAccording to Wang (2011), the speaker initiates the mistake or something unknow in his conversation and he repairs it by himself, which is called self-initiated and self repair.E xample flushed What have you done at the weekend?LiXun I go toerhave foregone to see a movie.In the example, LiXun initiates that he uses the wrong strain so he changes go into have gone immediately.8.3.1.2 Other-initiated self repairNot only the speaker himself can initiate his mistake, but other speakers also can do so. The speaker himself will repair it. This situation is called other-initiated self repair.The same situation as what mentioned above. The situation is changed.Ruby What have you seen?LiXun I go to see a movie.Ruby (surp advancementd) What do you mean?LiXun I said I have gone to a movie.In this example, LiXun does not initiate that he uses the wrong tense. Ruby however dose. She reminds LiXun to repair.8.3.1.3 Self-initiated other repairSelf-initiated other repair is absolutely opposite to other-initiated self repair. The speaker himself initiates what should be repaired but he fails to repair it. The others help him to repair.ExampleRuby is going on talking with L iXun.Ruby Then what have you seen?LiXun A movie, er, adapted from a magic fiction, er, so famous. I forget the prognosticate Its writer is J.K. Rowling.Ruby Aha. I see. Its Harry Potter.LiXun Yes, that is Thanks.In this example, LiXun fails to remember the name of the movie in the conversation. Even though he knows the feature of the movie, he still cannot tell Ruby what he has seen. The detail which he gives however reminds Ruby of the name of the movie. This situation is defined as self-initiated other repair.8.3.1.4 Other-initiated other repairIn other-initiated other repair, the speaker even does not initiate what he has to repair. Others initiate it and repair for the speaker. You can learn from the following example.ExampleLiXun wants to go on their conversation.LiXun What about you, Ruby?Ruby Er, I think we have to go to the lecture room. Otherwise, we will be late for the lecture.LiXun Lets go to D1-LP-02.Ruby No, we are going to D1-LP-04.Ruby initiates what LiXun says is wrong in the conversation and repairs what he fails to say.8.4 Attributable silencesSilence plays an important role in our speech. As stated by Jaworski (1993, p.3), The briny common link between speech and silence is that the same interpretive processes apply to someones remaining meaningfully silent in discourse as to their speaking. Jaworski (1993) also suggests that silence has positive and negative value in a speech. His words indicated various silences of different situation perform different functions.8.4.1 Function of silenceJeasen (1973) suggested that there are cardinal function of silence in speech. The functions he points out are the following a judgmental function, a linkage function, an affecting function, a revelation function and an activating function. All of the five functions are what we are going to focus on.8.4.1.1 Judgmental silenceAccording to Jeasen (1973), silence may indicate ones attitude towards the topic he is talking about. Silence can tell whether he supports or he objects the idea.ExampleLiXun is talking a boring topic with Ruby.LiXun I think chemistry is so astoundRuby (Smiles and says nothing)LiXun Wow You see the chemistry formula (He goes on talking excitedly.)Ruby (Still keeps silent)Its apparent that Ruby holds opposite attitude to what LiXun is talking about. So she keeps silent for politeness.8.4.1.2 Linkage silenceJeasen (1973) stated that silence is able to bring two or more people together or to separate them. It brings further cause on the speakers in the speech. We are familiar with the following situation. Two good friends misunderstood each other. all time when they see each other they just keep silent. They, sooner or later, will hold out strangers. Because of silence, they fail to know what the other thinks. As the time goes by, they are stranded by silence. This kind of silence separates people.8.4.1.3 Affective silenceJeansen (1973) holds the opinion that silence can heal or wound someone. It is belie ved that silence shows your attitude towards the topic of the conversation, as well as your attitude towards the speakers. For example, people always keep silence when they are talking to someone they dislike. The silence usually wound the speakers.8.4.1.4 Revelatory silenceRevelatory silence is an kindle one. Jeasen (1973) said that there may be some information behind the silence. It, meanwhile, may be known to the speakers or the listeners. What the silence actually agent depends on the relationship between the speakers. You can see in the following example. If two closed friends, especially girls, are gossiping, they will keep silence when they are met someone who they are talking about. In this example, the silence conveys a warning.8.4.1.5 Activating silenceJeasen (1973) indicated that this kind of silence may bring some deep thoughtful signal. It also may bring mental inactive signal. duration we are talking, our mind keeps on thinking. A silence is able to show the deep m ind of the speakers. As you can see, when we are consulting with the professors, they usually lead us to thinking deeply. The professors, therefore, choose to be silence when we are talking our ideas. The silence can be considered as an encouragement, an agreement or an appreciation.8.5 Sequence of Conversation8.5.1 contiguity PairsAdjacency pair is the sequence of conversation. It includes two parts which are produced near another (Hutchby Wooffitt, 1998) and is the smallest unit of conversational exchange.Basic form of adjacency pair (Schegloff, 2007)First, adjacency pair involves two utterances. Once the first utterance is spoken, the second is required.Second, each utterance is produced by two different speakers.Third, pairs are adjacently dictated.Fourth, pairs of utterances are ordered. They are separated into two parts. They are the first pair parts (FPPs) and the second pair parts (SFFs). For instance, given a question is followed by an answer, then the question is the FP Ps and the answer is the SPPs.Lastly, they are pair-type related.Here are some example of some types of adjacency pairs (Wang, 2011)Question answerAt the supermarketHailey Can I get some help over here? I cant get that tin of sardines.Shop-keeper Ill be right here to help you.Invitation / request acceptance / declinationIn Winnies birthdayJoanna Would you like to dance with me, please?Winnie Yes.Greeting return greetingHailey dependable morning.Joanna Morning.Offer acceptance / rejectionIn the libraryLiberian May I help you find something?Venus No thanks, I can find it by myself.Compliment acceptanceVenus Your dress looks very lovely.Winnie Thank you. I just brought it from HM.8.5.1.2 Transition of sequenceThere are different types of transition of sequence.8.5.1.2.1 Adjacency/ NextnessTo verbalize a turn-constructional unit, every word ought to be fit(p) one by one (Schegloff, 2007).(8.5.1.2.1.a)Ben commodity morning.Bob Good morning.In the above conversation, Ben greets Bob and then Bob returns the greeting to Ben immediately.(8.5.1.2.1.b)Ben Would you like to have a eat?Bob No, thanks.Ben How about a drink?The above conversation is called exchange as it includes three utterances. The IRF posture are initiation, response and follow-up (Wang, 2011).8.5.1.2.2 CountersCounter means one does not answer SPP directly afterward one asks a FPP, instead he/she direct the FPP back to the asker (Schegloff, 2007). In this case, SSP given is organism delayed.(8.5.1.2.2.a) (Tarpee, 19911)1 Kate F What is it?2 Emily F You guess what it is first.3 (0.2)4 Kate S Pumpkin.5 Emily Yes, it is.In the conversation, Kate asks a question (FFP) in line 1, however, Emily does not answer it in return, and instead she redirects the question back to Kate (the asker) to answer. (line2)(8.5.1.2.2.b) (Scheflen, 1961114, as adapted in Peyrot, 199417)1 Seth F Do you love me?2 glass F Do you think so?3 Seth Sure.4 Candy But I dont.In the conversation, Candy does no t answer Seths question directly. Instead, she answers the question with an insertion of a question-answer exchange.8.5.2 Pre-expansionPre-expansion means adding a part before an exchange (FPs and SPs). According to Schegloffs, pre-expansion is expanding the conversation by adding preliminary question in movement man of the FFP (Schegloffs, 2007).8.5.2.1 Pre-invitationBefore giving an invitation, you need to be sure that he or she is available or not. So, you need to ask some preliminary questions. For example, by asking What are you doing?, if you want one to accept your invitation, you face the answer to be no vice versa.(8.5.2.1) (Jefferson G.31)(Arthur is the caller Sylvia is state to the phone)1 Sylvia Hello.2 Arthur Hello, how are you?3 Sylvia Fine, thanks.4 Arthur F(pre) What are you doing?5 Sylvia S(pre) Nothing.6 Arthur F(b) Do you want a drink?7 Sylvia S(b) Yes, wherefore not?Arthur asks what Sylvia is doing to see if she is broad or not. With the go-ahead r esponse of Sylvia (line 5) indicating she is giving, Arthur continues to invite her as he knows she is free with the pre-sequence asked at line 4. Finally, Sylvia accepts his invitation.8.5.2.1 Pre-offerPre-offer is similar to pre-invitation. It aims to provide the need to someone beforehand.(8.5.2.2.a)1 Sylvia Oh, I tear the tack mistakenly.2 Arthur 3 Sylvia I think I need to buy a tape.4 Arthur I have one.5 Sylvia Really?6 Arthur Do you want it?7 Sylvia Sure.From the example, Arthur gives the pre-offer (line 4) to Sylvia after knowing she necessarily a tape. At line5, when she says Really?, it is a go-ahead response to pre-sequence. Lastly, when Arthur makes the offer, she accepts.8.5.3 P elongationThere are different types of responses during exchanges. For instance, when greeting, one says hello to you and you are supposed to reply with a greeting too. Nevertheless, when one asks you a question, you may have different answers which can be preferred or dispreferred by th e asker. Like an invitation, the reply can be positive or negative. Nonetheless, an answer with yes does not mean it is a prefered response. According to Schegloff, If the question is make to prefer yes, then no is a dispreferred response, even if delivered without delay and in turn-initial position, vise versa (Schegloff, 1988 c453).8.5.3.1 Types of responsesThere are two types of responses. The first one is preferred responses, which means answers are given positively. Another is dispreferred responses, which means answers are given negatively.In fact, there are some hints indicating the preferred status of a turn.When answering directly and without any delayExampleJanice Do you want to go swimmingJill Yes, I do.Moreover, there are some other hints indicating the dispreferred status of a turn.a) When answering indirectlyExampleJanice Are you free on Monday?Jill Well, I need to do my homework, and b) When answering with delayExampleHesitation such as Well, Um, Er8.6 Conversati on TranscriptionTranscription of conversation is very essential for analyzing conversation .It should be produced previous conversation analysis, because it is used as a referential tool for the analysis of conversation (Psathas, 1995).8.6.1 Tools used for saveA naturally occurring conversation is usually recorded by video recorders these days. Hence, apart from recording the conversation, body languages, gestures as well as facial expressions can also be recorded. These features are very all-important(a) as they allow the relationship between speech and body movement to be observed (Psathas, 1995).8.6.2 Procedures involved in transcriptionIn fact, the recordings mentioned in 8.6.1 are done by analysts themselves. After producing the recordings, analysts listen to the recordings repeatedly by themselves. Once analysts repeatedly listen to the tape, they can focus on the phenomena that are very critical for conversation analysis (Hutchby, Wooffitt, 2008).8.6.3 Characteristics of conversation transcriptionConversation transcription is not simply a opus of writing with words and sentences exchanged by the speakers. However, it includes many other different features as well.The information listed on a lower floor should be included in a transcript (Wang, 2011).Information about the participantsWords spoken backbreaking utteredInaudible soundOverlapping speechStretch, stresses, volumeDifferent transcription symbols will be introduced as follows1. LatchingWhen latching occurs in a conversation between two people, two = will be placed in the transcript when the second speaker speaks just after the first speaker speaks. The first = will be placed right behind the transcription of the first speaker, while the second one is placed in front of the transcript of the second speaker (Psathas, 1995).ExampleMary Im empty=Peter =You never feel fullLatching by more than one speaker is delineate similarly to latching by two speakers. A = is put after the transcription of t he first speaker, but a = is placed in front of the transcription of two speakers instead of = (Psathas, 1995).ExampleHailey Im hungry=Joanna =You never feel fullVenus =So do ILatching by more than one speaker can also occur in a way that two speakers end their conversation at the same time and immediately the third speaker speaks. (Psathas, 1995)ExampleVenus Im very very hungry=Hailey hungryJoanna =So do I.In this case, the Mary and Peter end their conversation at the same time and then capital of Minnesota immediately speaks.2. Audible breathingExhalations are represented by an h or more than one h while inhalations are represented by .h or more than one .h (Psathas, 1995). Usually, exhalation expresses tiredness or sadness.ExampleJoanna I havent finished my Wiki- sniggerk project yet hhhhAs for inhalation, it usually indicates surprise or nervousness.ExampleVenus .hhh Im going to have my linguistics exam tomorrow.Sound stretchSound stretch means lengthening the sound. When speake rs would like to ratify their tone, sound stretch occurs. One colon denotes that the precedent sound is lengthened, while more than 1 colon means a more lengthened sound (Psathas, 1995).ExampleHailey I am so hungryVenus I know (.) I can hear that some sounds coming out from your stomach. inflectionThroughout a conversation, there must be rises and falls in the transition of speakers (Psathas, 1995).A rise in intonationAn cursor pointing upwards is put just prior to the rise in intonation (Psathas, 1995).ExampleJoanna Would you like to have dinner with me?Venus Yes, sure.A fall in intonationAn arrow pointing downwards is put just behind the fall in intonation (Psathas, 1995).ExampleHailey Would you like to have dinner with me?((gap))VenusYes(0.9)if Im free tonight.StressWhen speakers want to emphasize something, they will speak the words more loudly and lengthen the words. The emphasized word is underlined (Psathas, 1995).ExampleHailey I almost got full marks for my linguistics exa m, will I be awarded something, Mum?Venus Sure (0.9) Ill buy a reference book for you to study so that you can get full marks next time.PitchA Fall in pitchTo show a fall in pitch, the vowel of the word should be underlined, and a colon is added just behind the underlined vowel (Psathas, 1995).ExampleHailey I was awarded a reference book(0.8) for having good results in the exam..Joanna If you were awarded the newly released photo album of Rain, you would have been much happier.A rise in pitchTo show a rise in pitch, the stress is marked on the prolongation (Psathas, 1995).ExampleJoanna My mother gave me a big surpriseHailey Buying you the photo album of Rain?Joanna YesVolume change magnitude Volume is indicated by capital letters (Wang, 2011).ExampleWhen Joanna is talking to Hailey, suddenly a dog appears.Joanna Have you finished the wiki-book project? (.) A DOGS RUNNING TOWARDS USHailey Calm down, Joanna.Decreased volume is indicated by stagecoach marks (Wang, 2011).ExampleWhen Ve nus is telling Hailey something bad about Paul, suddenly Paul approaches.Venus Paul never hands in his homework on time.Hailey Pauls approaching8. Sound utteredThere are not only words within a conversation. Sometimes, when the speakers produce some sounds, they are also recorded.ExampleHailey Oh Ive dropped my mobile phone into the toiletVenus(laugh) Why are you so careless?8.7 ConclusionConversation is an exchange of information between people in real-life situations. The aim of conversation analysis is to give an analytic description of the organization of interaction. We can understand how people carry out conversation in the society. In addition, we know more about the secrets behind the conversation, such as silence and preference.